{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T19:15:28Z","timestamp":1784229328202,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82072532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82072532"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82000723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82000723"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To observe the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) for the spasticity of the lower-limb post-stroke on gait and posture control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 46 patients with hemiplegia gait were randomly divided into the experimental group (23 patients) and the control group (23 patients). In patients in the experimental group received injections of BoNT-A by electrical stimulation-guided. At the same time, patients of the two groups received routine physical therapy. Gait analysis, plantar pressure analysis, lower-limb Fugl\u2013Meyer assessment (L-FMA), 10 meter walking test (10MWT), timed \u201cUp and Go\u201d test (TUGT), and modified Ashworth Scale assess (MAS) of the lower limbs were performed at 0, 1, 4, and 12 weeks after treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At 1, 4, and 12 weeks after treatment, the L-FMA, stride length, speed, and TUGT significantly improved than 0 week in both groups. The L-FMA and peak of forefoot pressure, and MAS results in the experimental group were better than those in the control group at 4 and 12 weeks. The TUGT, speed, and stride length in experimental group was significantly shortened than that in control group at 1, 4, and 12 weeks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Botulinum toxin type A injection can improve motor functions of the lower limb, gait, spasticity, forefoot pressure, and posture control of patients after stroke.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1107688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T04:53:01Z","timestamp":1673844781000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Efficacy on gait and posture control after botulinum toxin A injection for lower-limb spasticity treatment after stroke: A randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hui-xian","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si-hao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao-xia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-bin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da-wei","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4103\/2773-2398.339171","article-title":"The role of neuromodulation to drive neural plasticity in stroke recovery: a narrative review.","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Netw. Modul."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"e100","article-title":"Management of adult stroke rehabilitation care: a clinical practice guideline.","volume":"36","author":"Abilleira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2015.06.006","article-title":"Hemiparetic gait physical medicine & rehabilitation clinics of North America, 2015.","volume":"26","author":"Sheffler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213538","article-title":"The effect of ankle-foot orthoses on fall\/near fall incidence in patients with (sub-)acute stroke: A randomized controlled trial.","volume":"14","author":"Nikamp","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.759","article-title":"Gait improvement by low-dose botulinum toxin A injection treatment of the lower limbs in subacute stroke patients.","volume":"27","author":"Tao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2013.804202","article-title":"Spasticity after stroke: Physiology, assessment and treatment.","volume":"27","author":"Thibaut","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-3147.185507","article-title":"Role of ankle foot orthosis in improving locomotion and functional recovery in patients with stroke: A prospective rehabilitation study.","volume":"7","author":"Sankaranarayan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Rural Pract."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017317","article-title":"Effect of ankle-foot orthosis on functional mobility and dynamic balance of patients after stroke: Study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial.","volume":"98","author":"Paula","year":"","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215515593609","article-title":"The efcacy of Botulinum Toxin A for limb spasticity on improving activity restriction and quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis using the GRADE approach.","volume":"30","author":"Baker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280400014576","article-title":"Spasticity: clinical perceptions, neurological realities and meaningful measurement.","volume":"27","author":"Pandyan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.615706","article-title":"Duration of treatment effect using incobotulinumtoxina for upper-limb spasticity: a post-hoc analysis.","volume":"11","author":"Ka\u0148ovsk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2017.06.007","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of abobotulinumtoxina (dysport) for the treatment of hemiparesis in adults with upper limb spasticity previously treated with botulinum toxin: Subanalysis from a phase 3 randomized controlled trial.","volume":"9","author":"Marciniak","year":"2019","journal-title":"PMR"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2020.03.005","article-title":"Efficacy of incobotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of adult lower-limb post-stroke spasticity, including pes equinovarus.","volume":"64","author":"Bensmail","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"143","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type a for the treatment of lower limb spasticity after Stroke.","volume":"79","author":"Santamato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Springer Nat. Switzerl. AG"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"80","article-title":"Guidelines for the treatment of adult limb spasm with botulinum toxin.","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0394-7","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of robot-assisted gait training with dorsiflexion assistance on chronic stroke patients wearing ankle-foot-orthosis.","volume":"15","author":"Yeung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuro.Eng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.650925","article-title":"The Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on balance and gait in stroke patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","volume":"12","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"56","article-title":"Tend\u00eancia de mortalidade por acidente vascular encef\u00e1lico na cidade de maring\u00e1, paran\u00e1, entre os anos de 2005 a 2015.","volume":"31","author":"Araujo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.12.025","article-title":"Effects of na ankle-foot orthosis on balance and walking after stroke: a systematic review and pooled meta-analysis.","volume":"9","author":"Tyson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004687","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of abobotulinumtoxinA in spastic lower limb: randomized trial and extension.","volume":"89","author":"Gracies","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12381","article-title":"Early botulinum toxin treatment for spastic pes equinovarus a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. European journal of neurology the official journal of the european federation of neurological societies, 2014.","volume":"21","author":"Fietzek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003789","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of incobotulinumtoxin A doses up to 800 U in limb spasticity: The TOWER study.","volume":"88","author":"Wissel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-141093","article-title":"Onabotulinumtoxin-A injection for disabling lower limb fexion in hemiplegic patients.","volume":"35","author":"Rousseaux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuro Rehabil."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2016.1139294","article-title":"Efectiveness of botulinum toxin for lower limbs spasticity after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00216-1","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of abobotulinumtoxinA for hemiparesis in adults with upper limb spasticity after stroke or traumatic brain injury: a double-blind randomised controlled trial.","volume":"14","author":"Gracies","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00550.2017","article-title":"State-dependent rhythmogenesis and frequency control in a half-center locomotor CPG.","volume":"119","author":"Ausborn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.25.1503","article-title":"Effect of ankle-foot orthosis on gait velocity and cadence of stroke patients: a systematic review.","volume":"25","author":"Ferreira","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3109\/03093641003649405","article-title":"An investigation of the neurophysiologic effect of tone-reducing AFOs on reflex excitability in subjects with spasticity following stroke while standing.","volume":"34","author":"Ibuki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017317","article-title":"Effect of ankle-foot orthosis on functional mobility and dynamic balance of patients after stroke: Study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial.","volume":"98","author":"Paula","year":"","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.2174\/1567202618666210923150711","article-title":"Observation of the therapeutic effect of correcting foot varus on improving knee hyperextension and gait in patients after stroke.","volume":"18","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Neurovasc. Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6636999","article-title":"Effect of cognitive function on balance and posture control after stroke.","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Plasticity"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.1107688\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T04:53:08Z","timestamp":1673844788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.1107688\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2022.1107688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.1107688","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"article-number":"1107688"}}