{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:10:43Z","timestamp":1753891843483,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Internalizing disorders (IDs), e.g., major depressive disorder (MDD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are the most prevalent psychopathologies experienced worldwide. Current first-line therapies (i.e., pharmacotherapy and\/or psychotherapy) offer high failure rates, limited accessibility, and substantial side-effects. Electroencephalography (EEG) guided closed-loop brain training, also known as EEG-neurofeedback (EEG-NFB), is believed to be a safe and effective alternative, however, there is much debate in the field regarding the existence of specificity [i.e., clinical effects specific to the modulation of the targeted EEG variable(s)]. This review was undertaken to determine if there is evidence for EEG-NFB specificity in the treatment of IDs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We considered only randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trials. Outcomes of interest included self\/parent\/teacher reports and clinician ratings of ID-related symptomatology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the four reports (total participant number = 152) meeting our eligibility criteria, three had point estimates suggesting small to moderate effect sizes favoring genuine therapy over sham, however, due to small sample sizes, all 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were wide and spanned the null. The fourth trial had yet to post results as of the submission date of this review. The limited overall number of eligible reports (and participants), large degree of inter-trial heterogeneity, and restricted span of ID populations with published\/posted outcome data (i.e., PTSD and OCD) precluded a quantitative synthesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current literature suggests that EEG-NFB may induce specific effects in the treatment of some forms of IDs, however, the evidence is very limited. Ultimately, more randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trials encompassing a wider array of ID populations are needed to determine the existence and, if present, degree of EEG-NFB specificity in the treatment of IDs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>[<jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero<\/jats:ext-link>], identifier [CRD42020159702].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.821136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T10:45:29Z","timestamp":1646909129000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Is There Evidence for the Specificity of Closed-Loop Brain Training in the Treatment of Internalizing Disorders? A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tyson Michael","family":"Perez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerin","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Glue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Divya B.","family":"Adhia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"De Ridder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110388323","article-title":"The use of the EEG in measuring therapeutic drug action: focus on depression and antidepressants.","volume":"25","author":"Alhaj","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.12.050","article-title":"Can we predict who will respond to neurofeedback? A review of the inefficacy problem and existing predictors for successful EEG neurofeedback learning.","volume":"378","author":"Alkoby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.140217","article-title":"Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in psychiatric disorders and the impact of psychotropic medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"41","author":"Alvares","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"journal-title":"American Psychiatric Association DSMTF. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders : DSM-5","year":"2013","key":"B4"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713001943","article-title":"Barriers to mental health treatment: results from the WHO World Mental Health surveys.","volume":"44","author":"Andrade","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.07.906","article-title":"Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of neurofeedback for attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder With 13 Month Follow-up.","volume":"60","author":"Arnold","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2016.11.003","article-title":"Neurofeedback: one of today\u2019s techniques in psychiatry?","volume":"43","author":"Arns","year":"2017","journal-title":"Enc\u00e9phale"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2013.11.013","article-title":"Evaluation of neurofeedback in ADHD: the long and winding road.","volume":"95","author":"Arns","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059419849170","article-title":"Evaluation of neurofeedback for posttraumatic stress disorder related to refugee experiences using self-report and cognitive ERP measures.","volume":"51","author":"Askovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. EEG Neurosci."},{"journal-title":"A Controlled Study to Assess the Therapeutic Effects of Neurofeedback Training in Depression. [Internet]. Identifier ACTRN12619001487101.","year":"","key":"B10"},{"journal-title":"Resting State Networks and Infraslow Neurofeedback in Anxiety and Depression: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Trial. [Internet]. Identifier ACTRN12619001428156.","year":"","key":"B11"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2015.17.3\/bbandelow","article-title":"Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century.","volume":"17","author":"Bandelow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"journal-title":"Neurofeedback and Biofeedback for Mood and Anxiety Disorders: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness and Guidelines.","year":"2017","author":"Banerjee","key":"B13"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.15761\/TBR.1000105","article-title":"Efficacy of EEG neurofeedback in psychiatry: a comprehensive overview and meta-analysis.","volume":"1","author":"Begemann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Brain Rhythmicity."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.15540\/nr.6.2.54","article-title":"Healing the neurophysiological roots of trauma: a controlled study examining loreta z-score neurofeedback and HRV biofeedback for chronic PTSD.","volume":"6","author":"Bell","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroRegulation"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(05)80337-2","article-title":"P.3.041 Clinical and neurophysiologicalefficacy of neurofeedback in the combined therapy of anxiety disorders resistant to psychopharmacotherapy.","volume":"15","author":"Biriukova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.09.015","article-title":"Investigating age-related differences in responses to screening items for internalising disorders in three national surveys.","volume":"15","author":"Buchan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2012.14.4\/gbuzsaki","article-title":"Brain rhythms and neural syntax: implications for efficient coding of cognitive content and neuropsychiatric disease.","volume":"14","author":"Buzs\u00e1ki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-014-1004-z","article-title":"Disorders without borders: current and future directions in the meta-structure of mental disorders.","volume":"50","author":"Carragher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2019.34.e287","article-title":"P.2.f.009 - Neurofeedback treatment on depressive symptoms and functional recovery and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in treatment-resistant major depression.","volume":"27","author":"Cheon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00233","article-title":"Current status of neurofeedback for post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and the possibility of decoded neurofeedback.(Report).","volume":"13","author":"Chiba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1159\/000322290","article-title":"Is alpha wave neurofeedback effective with randomized clinical trials in depression? A pilot study.","volume":"63","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"journal-title":"EEG Biofeedback Therapy as an Adjunct Treatment for PTSD [Internet]. Identifier NCT01591408.","year":"","key":"B23"},{"journal-title":"Efficacy of Electroencephalography (EEG) Neurofeedback (NF) for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorder. [Internet]. Identifier NCT04562324.","year":"","key":"B24"},{"journal-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Conner, BE (1988). The Box in the Barn.","year":"1988","author":"Cohen","key":"B25"},{"journal-title":"Technical Foundations of Neurofeedback.","year":"2013","author":"Collura","key":"B26"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-010-9444-8","article-title":"Structure and etiology of co-occurring internalizing and externalizing disorders in adolescents.","volume":"39","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"B28","article-title":"Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses","author":"Deeks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 62 [Internet]"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.21.2581","article-title":"Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys.","volume":"291","author":"Demyttenaere","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2019.04.033","article-title":"Trends in mood and anxiety symptoms and suicide-related outcomes among U.S. Undergraduates, 2007\u20132018: evidence from two national surveys.","volume":"65","author":"Duffy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00051","article-title":"EEG-neurofeedback as a tool to modulate cognition and behavior: a review tutorial.(Report)(Author abstract).","volume":"11","author":"Enriquez-Geppert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B32","first-page":"86","article-title":"Effectiveness of neurofeedback treatment to decrease severity symptoms in major depression disorder.","volume":"22","author":"Eskandari","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Zanjan Univers. Med. Sci. Health Serv."},{"key":"B33","first-page":"1795","article-title":"The effectiveness of neuro feedback training on the working-memory of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms.","volume":"8","author":"Esmaeeli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mol. Clin. Med."},{"journal-title":"GRADEpro GDT: GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool [Software].","year":"2020","author":"Evidence Prime","key":"B34"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61242-2","article-title":"Scale up services for mental disorders: a call for action.","volume":"370","author":"Flisher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816179-1.00019-0","article-title":"19 - Neurofeedback: an inside perspective","author":"Ghaziri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Casting Light on the Dark Side of Brain Imaging"},{"journal-title":"Scrutinizing the Effects of Digital Technology on Mental Health.","year":"2020","author":"Haidt","key":"B37"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.02.002","article-title":"Social anxiety disorder in adolescence: how developmental cognitive neuroscience findings may shape understanding and interventions for psychopathology.","volume":"13","author":"Haller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-009-9106-1","article-title":"The need for individualization in neurofeedback: heterogeneity in QEEG patterns associated with diagnoses and symptoms.","volume":"35","author":"Hammond","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/10874200802219947","article-title":"First, do no harm: adverse effects and the need for practice standards in neurofeedback.","volume":"12","author":"Hammond","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurother."},{"key":"B41","first-page":"180","article-title":"Evaluation of neurofeedback therapy in adolescents with major depressive disorder who take fluoxetine.","volume":"18","author":"Hashemian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Afr. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B42","article-title":"Assessing risk of bias in a randomized trial","author":"Higgins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 62 [Internet]"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2014.05.006","article-title":"Neurofeedback for ADHD: a review of current evidence.","volume":"23","author":"Holtmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2024","article-title":"Neurofeedback training improves anxiety trait and depressive symptom in GAD.","volume":"11","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.555","article-title":"Rethinking mental illness.","volume":"303","author":"Insel","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229.2011.586549","article-title":"Electroencephalography-derived biomarkers of antidepressant response.","volume":"19","author":"Iosifescu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Harvard Rev. Psychiatry"},{"journal-title":"The Effect of Neurofeedback with Pharmacotherapy on Cognitive Ability and Executive Function in Patients with Obsessive \u2013 Compulsive Disorder [Internet]. Identifier IRCT2015030321313N1","year":"2008","key":"B47"},{"key":"B48","article-title":"Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.","volume":"2015","author":"James","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/08039480310002688","article-title":"Quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).","volume":"57","author":"Joki\u0107-Begi\u0107","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nordic J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054713482580","article-title":"Proposed Multisite Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial of Neurofeedback for ADHD: need, Rationale, and Strategy.","volume":"17","author":"Kerson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Attention Disord."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1017\/s1121189x00001421","article-title":"The global burden of mental disorders: an update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys.","volume":"18","author":"Kessler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psichiatr. Soc."},{"key":"B52","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization\u2019s World Mental Health Survey Initiative.","volume":"6","author":"Kessler","year":"2007","journal-title":"World psychiatry"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01697-8","article-title":"Recent increases in depressive symptoms among US adolescents: trends from 1991 to 2018.","volume":"54","author":"Keyes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1159\/000347087","article-title":"Prediction of treatment response and the effect of independent component neurofeedback in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind study.","volume":"67","author":"Kop\u0159ivov\u00e1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000258","article-title":"The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): a dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies.","volume":"126","author":"Kotov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"journal-title":"\u2018Once in a Generation\u2019: The Crucial Passages from the Mental Health Inquiry","year":"2018","author":"Kris","key":"B57"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20175","article-title":"Transdiagnostic factors of mental disorders.","volume":"14","author":"Krueger","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15412\/J.BCN.03070208","article-title":"Neurofeedback: a comprehensive review on system design, methodology and clinical applications.","volume":"7","author":"Marzbani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2017.02.002","article-title":"Frontal alpha asymmetry neurofeedback for the reduction of negative affect and anxiety.","volume":"92","author":"Mennella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2011.10.001","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials.","volume":"10","author":"Moher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Surgery."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-016-0684-7","article-title":"The relevance of \u2018mixed anxiety and depression\u2019 as a diagnostic category in clinical practice.","volume":"266","author":"M\u00f6ller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"journal-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial into the Efficacy of Neurofeedback for Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder [Internet]. Identifier NL4649.","year":"2004","key":"B63"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102490","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of alpha-rhythm EEG neurofeedback in posttraumatic stress disorder: a preliminary investigation showing evidence of decreased PTSD symptoms and restored default mode and salience network connectivity using fMRI.","volume":"28","author":"Nicholson","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B65","first-page":"2019","article-title":"Effectiveness of neuro-feedback treatment with alpha\/theta method on PTSD symptoms and their executing function.","volume":"28","author":"Noohi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Res."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.10.011","article-title":"Excluding non-English publications from evidence-syntheses did not change conclusions: a meta-epidemiological study.","volume":"118","author":"Nussbaumer-Streit","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"journal-title":"Te Rau Hinengaro the New Zealand Mental Health Survey.","year":"2006","author":"Oakley-Browne","key":"B67"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17305\/bjbms.2018.3785","article-title":"Review of the therapeutic neurofeedback method using electroencephalography: EEG Neurofeedback.","volume":"19","author":"Omejc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bosnian J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7080095","article-title":"Assessing the effectiveness of neurofeedback training in the context of clinical and social neuroscience.","volume":"7","author":"Orndorff-Plunkett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018781103","article-title":"The effectiveness of using neurofeedback in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review.","volume":"21","author":"Panisch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15540\/nr.8.1.22","article-title":"Is there evidence for EEG-neurofeedback specificity in the treatment of internalizing disorders? A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"8","author":"Perez","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroRegulation"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2016.00104","article-title":"Cortico-striatal-thalamic loop circuits of the salience network: a central pathway in psychiatric disease and treatment.","volume":"10","author":"Peters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.09.002","article-title":"Puberty initiates cascading relationships between neurodevelopmental, social, and internalizing processes across adolescence.","volume":"89","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054718790802","article-title":"The fallacy of sham-controlled neurofeedback trials: a reply to thibault and colleagues (2018).","volume":"25","author":"Pigott","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Attention Disord."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2005.11.205","article-title":"\u201cNo language restrictions\u201d in database searches: what does this really mean?","volume":"11","author":"Pilkington","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement Med."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S200360","article-title":"Cardiac dysautonomia in depression - heart rate variability biofeedback as a potential add-on therapy.","volume":"15","author":"Pinter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treatment"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-3223(02)01313-6","article-title":"Brain electrical tomography in depression: the importance of symptom severity, anxiety, and melancholic features.","volume":"52","author":"Pizzagalli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000418","article-title":"Neurofeedback treatment and posttraumatic stress disorder: effectiveness of neurofeedback on posttraumatic stress disorder and the optimal choice of protocol.","volume":"204","author":"Reiter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nervous Ment. Dis."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12102","article-title":"Comorbidity among dimensions of childhood psychopathology: converging evidence from behavior genetics.","volume":"9","author":"Rhee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child. Dev. Perspect."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01848110","article-title":"Biofeedback treatments of generalized anxiety disorder: preliminary results.","volume":"18","author":"Rice","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biofeedback Self Regul."},{"journal-title":"Consensus on the Reporting and Experimental Design of Clinical and Cognitive-Behavioural Neurofeedback Studies (CRED-nf Checklist).","year":"2020","author":"Ros","key":"B81"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4911","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw285","article-title":"Neurofeedback tunes scale-free dynamics in spontaneous brain activity.","volume":"27","author":"Ros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4172\/Psychiatry.1000149","article-title":"Effectiveness of neurofeedback therapy in children with separation anxiety disorder.","volume":"17","author":"Sadjadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-014-9246-9","article-title":"Biofeedback for psychiatric disorders: a systematic review.","volume":"39","author":"Schoenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30291-2","article-title":"Neurofeedback, sham neurofeedback, and cognitive-behavioural group therapy in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a triple-blind, randomised, controlled trial.","volume":"4","author":"Sch\u00f6nenberg","year":"","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30437-6","article-title":"Confusion regarding operant conditioning of the EEG Authors\u2019 reply","volume":"4","author":"Sch\u00f6nenberg","year":"","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"journal-title":"GRADE Handbook for Grading Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendation.","year":"2013","author":"Sch\u00fcnemann","key":"B87"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1080\/10874208.2011.623089","article-title":"Neurofeedback and basic learning theory: implications for research and practice.","volume":"15","author":"Sherlin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurother."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.164","article-title":"Closed-loop brain training: the science of neurofeedback.","volume":"18","author":"Sitaram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials.","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-75025-5_6","article-title":"The neglected problem of the neurofeedback learning (In)ability","author":"Szewczyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomedical Engineering and Neuroscience"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.10.024","article-title":"The self-regulating brain and neurofeedback: experimental science and clinical promise.","volume":"74","author":"Thibault","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054718770012","article-title":"Treating ADHD With suggestion: neurofeedback and placebo therapeutics.","volume":"22","author":"Thibault","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Attention Disord."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.5694\/mja12.10628","article-title":"Depression and anxiety.","volume":"199","author":"Tiller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. J. Australia"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9705-0_16","article-title":"Biofeedback and neurofeedback for anxiety disorders: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review","author":"Tolin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anxiety Disorders: Rethinking and Understanding Recent Discoveries"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1017\/s2045796011000217","article-title":"Why it is important to include unpublished data in systematic reviews.","volume":"20","author":"Trespidi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15540\/nr.6.1.38","article-title":"Perspectives on type III statistical errors: exaggerating the effects of placebo in neurofeedback.","volume":"6","author":"Trullinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroRegulation"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000410","article-title":"Age, period, and cohort trends in mood disorder indicators and suicide-related outcomes in a nationally representative dataset, 2005\u20132017.","volume":"128","author":"Twenge","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166752","article-title":"A randomized controlled study of neurofeedback for chronic PTSD.","volume":"11","author":"Van Der Kolk","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1121-4","article-title":"Sustained effects of neurofeedback in ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"28","author":"Van Doren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B101","first-page":"140","article-title":"Is A\/T neuro feedback training (NFT) a successful treatment method for women with moderate to severe trait anxiety: a clinical trial and methodological considerations.","volume":"4","author":"Viereck","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroRegulation"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-012-9208-z","article-title":"Peak high-frequency HRV and peak alpha frequency higher in PTSD.","volume":"38","author":"Wahbeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.07.026","article-title":"The effects of alpha asymmetry and high-beta down-training neurofeedback for patients with the major depressive disorder and anxiety symptoms.","volume":"257","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.6120360221","article-title":"Effectiveness of alpha biofeedback therapy: negative results.","volume":"36","author":"Watson","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102301","article-title":"Predictors of neurofeedback training outcome: a systematic review.","volume":"27","author":"Weber","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy060","article-title":"Noisy but not placebo: defining metrics for effects of neurofeedback.","volume":"141","author":"Witte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"journal-title":"ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics, 2018 Version.","year":"2018","key":"B107"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00135","article-title":"Are treatment effects of neurofeedback training in children with ADHD related to the successful regulation of brain activity? A review on the learning of regulation of brain activity and a contribution to the discussion on specificity.","volume":"9","author":"Zuberer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.821136\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T10:45:58Z","timestamp":1646909158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.821136\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"references-count":108,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2022.821136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.821136","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1662-453X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"article-number":"821136"}}