{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T03:15:47Z","timestamp":1777950947347,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease is a neurological disease with cardinal motor signs including bradykinesia and tremor. Although beta-band hypersynchrony in the cortico-basal ganglia network is thought to contribute to disease manifestation, the resulting effects on network connectivity are unclear. We examined local field potentials from a non-human primate across the na\u00efve, mild, and moderate disease states (model was asymmetric, left-hemispheric dominant) and probed power spectral density as well as cortico-cortical and cortico-subthalamic connectivity using both coherence and Granger causality, which measure undirected and directed effective connectivity, respectively. Our network included the left subthalamic nucleus (L-STN), bilateral primary motor cortices (L-M1, R-M1), and bilateral premotor cortices (L-PMC, R-PMC). Results showed two distinct peaks (Peak A at 5\u201320 Hz, Peak B at 25\u201345 Hz) across all analyses. Power and coherence analyses showed widespread increases in power and connectivity in both the Peak A and Peak B bands with disease progression. For Granger causality, increases in Peak B connectivity and decreases in Peak A connectivity were associated with the disease. Induction of mild disease was associated with several changes in connectivity: (1) the cortico-subthalamic connectivity in the descending direction (L-PMC to L-STN) decreased in the Peak A range while the reciprocal, ascending connectivity (L-STN to L-PMC) increased in the Peak B range; this may play a role in generating beta-band hypersynchrony in the cortex, (2) both L-M1 to L-PMC and R-M1 to R-PMC causalities increased, which may either be compensatory or a pathologic effect of disease, and (3) a decrease in connectivity occurred from the R-PMC to R-M1. The only significant change seen between mild and moderate disease was increased right cortical connectivity, which may reflect compensation for the left-hemispheric dominant moderate disease state.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.831055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T04:50:27Z","timestamp":1646369427000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Consistent Changes in Cortico-Subthalamic Directed Connectivity Are Associated With the Induction of Parkinsonism in a Chronically Recorded Non-human Primate Model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Joyce Chelangat","family":"Bore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Toth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brett A.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanbin","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Pucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Hogue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andre G.","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth B.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.11.016","article-title":"Beta frequency synchronization in basal ganglia output during rest and walk in a hemiparkinsonian rat.","volume":"221","author":"Avila","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. 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