{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T18:25:51Z","timestamp":1780424751629,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tinnitus is a common experience which can have a severe impact on ones quality of life. Whilst there have been reports of historical references to tinnitus, there has not been an international cross-sectional analysis of the vocabulary used for tinnitus. In this study, with 227 respondents (of which 53.3% experiencing tinnitus themselves), we report such an analysis of 252 words or phrases, from 42 languages and 48 countries. The results indicate that the majority of vocabulary used has a negative connotation (63%), though a small minority are positive (4%). Many words used for tinnitus in different languages are onomatopoeic\u2014thus mimicking aspects of the percept experienced\u2014or describe the sound (in total 42% of the vocabulary). The involvement of the ear is implied in some terminology, though other vocabulary expresses the impact. Participants experiencing tinnitus significantly differed on the codes for their proposed words or phrases (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), with the code \u201cinternal suffering or irritation or intrusion\u201d being more prevalent and the code \u201crelate to ear\u201d and \u201csound is phantom or not real or imagined\u201d being less prevalent in this group. This research has implications not only for the vocabulary used for tinnitus in Patient Reported Outcome Measures but also, and importantly, for understanding the vocabulary and lived experiences of people with tinnitus by healthcare professionals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.887592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T06:41:35Z","timestamp":1651560095000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The International Vocabulary of Tinnitus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"David M.","family":"Baguley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Caimino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annick","family":"Gilles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laure","family":"Jacquemin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60142-7","article-title":"Tinnitus.","volume":"382","author":"Baguley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2016.1700","article-title":"Prevalence, Severity, Exposures, and Treatment Patterns of Tinnitus in the United States.","volume":"142","author":"Bhatt","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology.","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qualitat. Res. Psychol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s00106-019-0633-7","article-title":"A multidisciplinary European guideline for tinnitus: diagnostics, assessment, and treatment.","volume":"67","author":"Cima","year":"2019","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"Epidemiology of tinnitus","author":"Davis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tinnitus Handbook"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"History of tinnitus research","author":"Feldmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tinnitus: Diagnosis, Treatment"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13010-018-0058-z","article-title":"Reconsidering the role of language in medicine.","volume":"13","author":"Franz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phil., Eth. Hum. Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.05.009","article-title":"A systematic review of the reporting of tinnitus prevalence and severity.","volume":"337","author":"Mccormack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hear Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00802","article-title":"Why Is There No Cure for Tinnitus? 13.","volume":"13","author":"Mcferran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010596","article-title":"Prevalence of tinnitus and hyperacusis in children and adolescents: a systematic review.","volume":"6","author":"Rosing","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B11","article-title":"Historical aspects of tinnitus","author":"Stephens","year":"1987","journal-title":"Tinnitus"},{"key":"B12","article-title":"A history of tinnitus","author":"Stephens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tinnitus Handbook"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.887592\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T06:41:41Z","timestamp":1651560101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.887592\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"references-count":12,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2022.887592"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.887592","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"article-number":"887592"}}