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Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Substance use disorders are a debilitating group of psychiatric disorders with a high degree of comorbidity with major depressive disorder. Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances are commonly reported in people with substance use disorder and major depression and associated with increased risk of relapse. Hippocampal somatostatin signaling is involved in encoding and consolidation of contextual memories which contribute to relapse in substance use disorder. Somatostatin and clock genes also have been implicated in depression, suggesting that these molecules may represent key converging pathways involved in contextual memory processing in substance use and major depression. We used hippocampal tissue from a cohort of subjects with substance use disorder (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 20), subjects with major depression (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 20), subjects with comorbid substance use disorder and major depression (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 24) and psychiatrically normal control subjects (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 20) to test the hypothesis that expression of genes involved in somatostatin signaling and clock genes is altered in subjects with substance use disorder. We identified decreased expression of somatostatin in subjects with substance use disorder and in subjects with major depression. We also observed increased somatostatin receptor 2 expression in subjects with substance use disorder with alcohol in the blood at death and decreased expression in subjects with major depression. Expression of the clock genes Arntl, Nr1d1, Per2 and Cry2 was increased in subjects with substance use disorder. Arntl and Nr1d1 expression in comparison was decreased in subjects with major depression. We observed decreased expression of Gsk3\u03b2 in subjects with substance use disorder. Subjects with comorbid substance use disorder and major depression displayed minimal changes across all outcome measures. Furthermore, we observed a significant increase in history of sleep disturbances in subjects with substance use disorder. Our findings represent the first evidence for altered somatostatin and clock gene expression in the hippocampus of subjects with substance use disorder and subjects with major depression. Altered expression of these molecules may impact memory consolidation and contribute to relapse risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.903941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T04:35:57Z","timestamp":1662525357000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Altered expression of somatostatin signaling molecules and clock genes in the hippocampus of subjects with substance use disorder"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jake","family":"Valeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sinead M.","family":"O\u2019Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sinclair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ratna","family":"Bollavarapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Gisabella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Platt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Stockmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Pantazopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2020.1821917","article-title":"KEOPS complex expression in the frontal cortex in major depression and schizophrenia.","volume":"22","author":"Abel","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. 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