{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T23:11:30Z","timestamp":1790032290881,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Schizophrenia (SZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BD) are severe psychiatric disorders and share common characteristics not only in clinical symptoms but also in neuroimaging. The purpose of this study was to examine common and specific neuroanatomical features in individuals with these three psychiatric conditions. In this study, 70 patients with SZ, 85 patients with MDD, 42 patients with BD, and 95 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis was used to explore brain imaging characteristics. Psychopathology was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Cognition was assessed using the digit symbol substitution test (DSST), forward-digital span (DS), backward-DS, and semantic fluency. Common reduced gray matter volume (GMV) in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) region was found across the SZ, MDD, and BD. Specific reduced GMV of brain regions was also found. For patients with SZ, we found reduced GMV in the frontal lobe, temporal pole, occipital lobe, thalamus, hippocampus, and cerebellum. For patients with MDD, we found reduced GMV in the frontal and temporal lobes, insular cortex, and occipital regions. Patients with BD had reduced GMV in the medial OFC, inferior temporal and fusiform regions, insular cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Furthermore, the OFC GMV was correlated with processing speed as assessed with the DSST across four groups (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.17, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.004) and correlated with the PANSS positive symptoms sub-score in patients with SZ (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u2212 0.27, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.026). In conclusion, common OFC alterations in SZ, MDD, and BD provided evidence that this region dysregulation may play a critical role in the pathophysiology of these three psychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.919272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T08:28:11Z","timestamp":1654849691000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Reduced Gray Matter Volume in Orbitofrontal Cortex Across Schizophrenia, Major Depressive Disorder, and Bipolar Disorder: A Comparative Imaging Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yongfeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyang","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanli","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinggui","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luxian","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0566","article-title":"Association of thalamic dysconnectivity and conversion to psychosis in youth and young adults at elevated clinical risk.","volume":"72","author":"Anticevic","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.56.6.893","article-title":"An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties.","volume":"56","author":"Beck","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004","article-title":"An inventory for measuring depression.","volume":"4","author":"Beck","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711001450","article-title":"The effects of gender on grey matter abnormalities in major psychoses: a comparative voxelwise meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.","volume":"42","author":"Bora","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-3223(01)01336-1","article-title":"Reduced volume of orbitofrontal cortex in major depression.","volume":"51","author":"Bremner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-014-1485-5","article-title":"Grey matter volume abnormalities in patients with bipolar I depressive disorder and unipolar depressive disorder: a voxel-based morphometry study.","volume":"31","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx028","article-title":"Neurobiological commonalities and distinctionsamong three major psychiatric diagnostic categories: a structural MRI study.","volume":"44","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.07.002","article-title":"Common and distinct abnormal frontal-limbic system structural and functional patterns in patients with major depression and bipolar disorder.","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac038","article-title":"Abnormal dynamics of resting-state functional activity and couplings in postpartum depression with and without anxiety.","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2016.12.008","article-title":"Aberrant temporal connectivity in persons at clinical high risk for psychosis.","volume":"2","author":"Colibazzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.11.020","article-title":"Genomic relationships, novel loci, and pleiotropic mechanisms across eight psychiatric disorders.","volume":"179","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.11.073","article-title":"Overlapping clusters of gray matter deficits in paranoid schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar mania with family history.","volume":"489","author":"Cui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.09.029","article-title":"White matter microstructural differences across major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: a tract-based spatial statistics study.","volume":"260","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.01.005","article-title":"Shared abnormality of white matter integrity in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a comparative voxel-based meta-analysis.","volume":"185","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2013.15.4\/aetkin","article-title":"A neurobiological approach to the cognitive deficits of psychiatric disorders.","volume":"15","author":"Etkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-060909-153230","article-title":"The role of the human prefrontal cortex in social cognition and moral judgment.","volume":"33","author":"Forbes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B17","first-page":"423","article-title":"Effect of hippocampal and amygdala volumes on clinical outcomes in major depression: a 3-year prospective magnetic resonance imaging study.","volume":"33","author":"Frodl","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.03.030","article-title":"Hippocampus and amygdala volumes in children and young adults at high-risk of schizophrenia: research synthesis.","volume":"156","author":"Ganzola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2206","article-title":"Identification of a common neurobiological substrate for mental illness.","volume":"72","author":"Goodkind","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs118","article-title":"Brain volumes in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis in over 18 000 subjects.","volume":"39","author":"Haijma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"B21","first-page":"223","article-title":"A review of executive function deficits and pharmacological management in children and adolescents.","volume":"21","author":"Hosenbocus","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Can. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","article-title":"The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia.","volume":"13","author":"Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.01.035","article-title":"Shared and distinct gray matter abnormalities in schizophrenia, schizophrenia relatives and bipolar disorder in association with cognitive impairment.","volume":"171","author":"Knochel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2008.00435.x","article-title":"Volumetric neuroimaging investigations in mood disorders: bipolar disorder versus major depressive disorder.","volume":"10","author":"Konarski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bipolar. Disord."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2711","article-title":"Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs.","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2066","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1313093111","article-title":"Multivariate analysis reveals genetic associations of the resting default mode network in psychotic bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.","volume":"111","author":"Meda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.04.007","article-title":"Brain structure in schizophrenia vs. psychotic bipolar I disorder: a VBM study.","volume":"165","author":"Nenadic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S72736","article-title":"Analysis of the presence or absence of atrophy of the subgenual and subcallosal cingulate cortices using voxel-based morphometry on MRI is useful to select prescriptions for patients with depressive symptoms.","volume":"7","author":"Niida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5009","article-title":"Regional brain volume reductions in major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder: an analysis by voxel-based morphometry.","volume":"34","author":"Niida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3445","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx211","article-title":"Structural connections of functionally defined human insular subdivisions.","volume":"28","author":"Nomi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.03.035","article-title":"Enhanced default mode network functional connectivity links with electroconvulsive therapy response in major depressive disorder.","volume":"306","author":"Pang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.01.013","article-title":"Orbitofrontal cortex, emotional decision-making and response to cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis.","volume":"231","author":"Premkumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbab037","article-title":"Psychopathological syndromes across affective and psychotic disorders correlate with gray matter volumes.","volume":"47","author":"Stein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00082","article-title":"Effect of pharmacological interventions on the fronto-cingulo-parietal cognitive control network in psychiatric disorders: a transdiagnostic systematic review of fMRI studies.","volume":"7","author":"van Amelsvoort","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.12.033","article-title":"Disrupted functional connectivity patterns of the insula subregions in drug-free major depressive disorder.","volume":"234","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.109888","article-title":"Improved and residual functional abnormalities in major depressive disorder after electroconvulsive therapy.","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-018-0013-z","article-title":"Altered functional connectivity patterns of insular subregions in major depressive disorder after electroconvulsive therapy.","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-018-0013-z","article-title":"Altered functional connectivity patterns of insular subregions in major depressive disorder after electroconvulsive therapy.","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.02.011","article-title":"Polygenic risk for five psychiatric disorders and cross-disorder and disorder-specific neural connectivity in two independent populations.","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.10.034","article-title":"A voxel based morphometry study investigating brain structural changes in first episode psychosis.","volume":"227","author":"Watson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.72","article-title":"Common and distinct patterns of grey-matter volume alteration in major depression and bipolar disorder: evidence from voxel-based meta-analysis.","volume":"22","author":"Wise","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby046","article-title":"Shared and distinct functional architectures of brain networks across psychiatric disorders.","volume":"45","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00052","article-title":"Common and specific functional activity features in schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder.","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.133.5.429","article-title":"A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity.","volume":"133","author":"Young","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.03.003","article-title":"Gray matter volume in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychotic features.","volume":"138","author":"Yuksel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0687-y","article-title":"Brain structural correlates of familial risk for mental illness: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies in relatives of patients with psychotic or mood disorders.","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.919272\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T08:28:16Z","timestamp":1654849696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.919272\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2022.919272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.919272","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"article-number":"919272"}}