{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:29:22Z","timestamp":1788913762569,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Facial asymmetry is the major complaint of patients with unilateral facial nerve lesions. Frustratingly, although patients experience the same etiology, the extent of oral commissure asymmetry is highly heterogeneous. Emerging evidence indicates that cerebral plasticity has a large impact on clinical severity by promoting or impeding the progressive adaption of brain function. However, the precise link between cerebral plasticity and oral asymmetry has not yet been identified. In the present study, we performed functional magnetic resonance imaging on patients with unilateral facial nerve transections to acquire\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    neural activity. We then identified the regions of interest corresponding to oral movement control using a smiling motor paradigm. Next, we established three local networks: the ipsilesional (left) intrahemispheric, contralesional (right) intrahemispheric, and interhemispheric networks. The functional connectivity of each pair of nodes within each network was then calculated. After thresholding for sparsity, we analyzed the mean intensity of each network connection between patients and controls by averaging the functional connectivity. For the objective assessment of facial deflection, oral asymmetry was calculated using FACEgram software. There was decreased connectivity in the contralesional network but increased connectivity in the ipsilesional and interhemispheric networks in patients with facial nerve lesions. In addition, connectivity in the ipsilesional network was significantly correlated with the extent of oral asymmetry. Our results suggest that motor deafferentation of unilateral facial nerve leads to the upregulated ipsilesional hemispheric connections, and results in positive interhemispheric inhibition effects to the contralesional hemisphere. Our findings provide preliminary information about the possible cortical etiology of facial asymmetry, and deliver valuable clues regarding spatial information, which will likely be useful for the development of therapeutic interventions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.943919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T01:03:22Z","timestamp":1656291802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Identifying Modulated Functional Connectivity in Corresponding Cerebral Networks in Facial Nerve Lesions Patients With Facial Asymmetry"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-lu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-jin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye-chen","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.04.028","article-title":"The resting human brain and motor learning.","volume":"19","author":"Albert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599813505967","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline: Bell\u2019s palsy.","volume":"149","author":"Baugh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21399","article-title":"Cortical representation sites of mimic movements after facial nerve reconstruction: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.","volume":"121","author":"Bitter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12798","article-title":"fMRI in Bell\u2019s Palsy: cortical activation is associated with clinical status in the acute and recovery phases.","volume":"31","author":"Calistri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4781","DOI":"10.1113\/jp279793","article-title":"Inter-hemispheric inhibition sculpts the output of neural circuits by co-opting the two cerebral hemispheres.","volume":"598","author":"Carson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21905","article-title":"Resting interhemispheric functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity predicts performance after stroke.","volume":"67","author":"Carter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1097\/prs.0000000000003698","article-title":"Symmetry restoration at rest after masseter-to-facial nerve transfer: is it as efficient as smile reanimation?","volume":"140","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.017673","article-title":"The mechanisms of interhemispheric inhibition in the human motor cortex.","author":"Daskalakis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00636.2001","article-title":"A cortical network sensitive to stimulus salience in a neutral behavioral context across multiple sensory modalities.","volume":"87","author":"Downar","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1992.sp019243","article-title":"Interhemispheric inhibition of the human motor cortex.","volume":"453","author":"Ferbert","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.08.019","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the supplementary motor area induces echophenomena.","volume":"49","author":"Finis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.07.027","article-title":"Lack of evidence for interhemispheric inhibition in the lower face primary motor cortex.","volume":"130","author":"Ginatempo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1001\/archfacial.2012.111","article-title":"Toward a universal, automated facial measurement tool in facial reanimation.","volume":"14","author":"Hadlock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Facial Plast. Surg."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968310382424","article-title":"Activation and effective connectivity changes following explicit-memory training for face-name pairs in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a pilot study.","volume":"25","author":"Hampstead","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2019.02.13","article-title":"Differences in functional brain alterations driven by right or left facial nerve efferent dysfunction: evidence from early Bell\u2019s palsy.","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000246","article-title":"Acupuncture-induced changes in functional connectivity of the primary somatosensory cortex varied with pathological stages of Bell\u2019s palsy.","volume":"25","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1384","article-title":"Large-scale changes in dendritic structure during reorganization of adult somatosensory cortex.","volume":"8","author":"Hickmott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/wnr.0000000000000295","article-title":"Increasing functional connectivity of the anterior cingulate cortex during the course of recovery from Bell\u2019s palsy.","volume":"26","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06335.x","article-title":"Interhemispheric motor inhibition: its role in controlling electromyographic mirror activity.","volume":"28","author":"H\u00fcbers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1097\/scs.0000000000002041","article-title":"Communications between the facial nerve and the vestibulocochlear nerve, the glossopharyngeal nerve, and the cervical plexus.","volume":"26","author":"Hwang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.09.016","article-title":"The impact of motor impairment on the processing of sensory information.","volume":"359","author":"Klingner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.793662","article-title":"Shaping the sensory-motor network by short-term unresolvable sensory-motor mismatch.","volume":"12","author":"Klingner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.07.053","article-title":"Habituation within the somatosensory processing hierarchy.","volume":"225","author":"Klingner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311418674","article-title":"Time course of cortical plasticity after facial nerve palsy: a single-case study.","volume":"26","author":"Klingner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.08.011","article-title":"The effects of deefferentation without deafferentation on functional connectivity in patients with facial palsy.","volume":"6","author":"Klingner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1016\/s1053-8119(03)00220-9","article-title":"Ipsilateral motor cortex activation on functional magnetic resonance imaging during unilateral hand movements is related to interhemispheric interactions.","volume":"20","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313478485","article-title":"Single session of dual-tDCS transiently improves precision grip and dexterity of the paretic hand after stroke.","volume":"28","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2017.00055","article-title":"Remodeling Pearson\u2019s correlation for functional brain network estimation and autism spectrum disorder identification.","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinform."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102782","article-title":"Central functional reorganization and recovery following facial-hypoglossal neurorrhaphy for facial paralysis.","volume":"32","author":"Ling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200207000-00001","article-title":"Objective facial motion analysis in patients with facial nerve dysfunction.","author":"Linstrom","year":"2002","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"97","article-title":"Combination of TMS and fMRI reveals a specific pattern of reorganization in M1 in patients after complete spinal cord injury.","volume":"24","author":"Lotze","year":"2006","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2022.02.011","article-title":"Masseteric-to-facial nerve transfer combined with static suspension: evaluation and validation of facial symmetry in patients with different levels of asymmetry.","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-4865","article-title":"Alteration of spatial patterns at the network-level in facial synkinesis: an independent component and connectome analysis.","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2021.04.025","article-title":"Tracking whole-brain connectivity dynamics in the resting-state fMRI with post-facial paralysis synkinesis.","volume":"173","author":"Ma","year":"","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory.","volume":"9","author":"Oldfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319862552","article-title":"Role of interhemispheric cortical interactions in poststroke motor function.","volume":"33","author":"Palmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410410511","article-title":"Cortical reorganization in patients with facial palsy.","volume":"41","author":"Rijntjes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940411301203","article-title":"Bilateral changes in cortical motor representation of the tongue after unilateral peripheral facial paralysis: evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation.","volume":"113","author":"R\u00f6del","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22206","article-title":"Outcome-dependent coactivation of lip and tongue primary somatosensory representation following hypoglossal-facial transfer after peripheral facial palsy.","volume":"35","author":"Rottler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.06.060","article-title":"Ipsilateral synkinesia involves the supplementary motor area.","volume":"523","author":"Salardini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00229318","article-title":"Dynamic organization of primary motor cortex output to target muscles in adult rats. I. Long-term patterns of reorganization following motor or mixed peripheral nerve lesions.","volume":"79","author":"Sanes","year":"1990","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8796239","article-title":"Sensorimotor cortical neuroplasticity in the early stage of Bell\u2019s Palsy.","volume":"2017","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199706000-00016","article-title":"Analysis of 100 cases of free-muscle transplantation for facial paralysis.","volume":"99","author":"Terzis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1096-9861(19971208)389:1<34::aid-cne3<3.0.co;2-f","article-title":"Reevaluation of ipsilateral corticocortical inputs to the orofacial region of the primary motor cortex in the macaque monkey.","volume":"389","author":"Tokuno","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12346","article-title":"Facial mobility and recovery in patients with unilateral facial paralysis.","volume":"23","author":"Trotman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3964","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.5709-09.2010","article-title":"Recovery of sensorimotor function after experimental stroke correlates with restoration of resting-state interhemispheric functional connectivity.","volume":"30","author":"van Meer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7235808","article-title":"Motor control deficits in facial synkinesis patients: neuroimaging evidences of cerebral cortex involvement.","volume":"2019","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000001582","article-title":"Time-course of changes in activation among facial nerve injury: a functional imaging study","volume":"94","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.943919\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T01:03:25Z","timestamp":1656291805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.943919\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2022.943919"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.943919","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"article-number":"943919"}}