{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:20:41Z","timestamp":1790857241123,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is Pengfei Zhang Liwen Zhao Pengfei Zhang Liwen Zhao a common neurological disorder involving a complex relationship with immune infiltration. Therefore, we aimed to explore PD immune infiltration patterns and identify novel immune-related diagnostic biomarkers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three substantia nigra expression microarray datasets were integrated with elimination of batch effects. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened using the \u201climma\u201d package, and functional enrichment was analyzed. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to explore the key module most significantly associated with PD; the intersection of DEGs and the key module in WGCNA were considered common genes (CGs). The CG protein\u2013protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to identify candidate hub genes by cytoscape. Candidate hub genes were verified by another two datasets. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to evaluate the hub gene diagnostic ability, with further gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). The immune infiltration level was evaluated by ssGSEA and CIBERSORT methods. Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the hub genes association with immune cells. Finally, a nomogram model and microRNA-TF-mRNA network were constructed based on immune-related biomarkers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 263 CGs were identified by the intersection of 319 DEGs and 1539 genes in the key turquoise module. Eleven candidate hub genes were screened by the R package \u201cUpSet.\u201d We verified the candidate hub genes based on two validation sets and identified six (SYT1, NEFM, NEFL, SNAP25, GAP43, and GRIA1) that distinguish the PD group from healthy controls. Both CIBERSORT and ssGSEA revealed a significantly increased proportion of neutrophils in the PD group. Correlation between immune cells and hub genes showed SYT1, NEFM, GAP43, and GRIA1 to be significantly related to immune cells. Moreover, the microRNA-TFs-mRNA network revealed that the microRNA-92a family targets all four immune-related genes in PD pathogenesis. Finally, a nomogram exhibited a reliable capability of predicting PD based on the four immune-related genes (AUC = 0.905).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>By affecting immune infiltration, SYT1, NEFM, GAP43, and GRIA1, which are regulated by the microRNA-92a family, were identified as diagnostic biomarkers of PD. The correlation of these four genes with neutrophils and the microRNA-92a family in PD needs further investigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1083928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T09:26:19Z","timestamp":1674725179000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Novel diagnostic biomarkers related to immune infiltration in Parkinson\u2019s disease by bioinformatics analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liwen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongguo","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","author":"Adler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vioplot: Violin plot. 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