{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:44:32Z","timestamp":1792518272163,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the core of a brain infarct, perfusion is severely impeded, and neuronal death occurs within minutes. In the penumbra, an area near the core with more remaining perfusion, cells initially remain viable, but activity is significantly reduced. In principle, the penumbra can be saved if reperfusion is established on time, making it a promising target for treatment. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> models with cultured neurons on microelectrode arrays (MEAs) provide a useful tool to investigate how ischemic stroke affects neuronal functioning. These models tend to be uniform, focusing on the isolated penumbra, and typically lack adjacent regions such as a core and unaffected regions (normal perfusion). However, processes in these regions may affect neuronal functioning and survival in the penumbra.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we designed, fabricated, and characterized a cytocompatible device that generates an oxygen gradient across <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> neuronal cultures to expose cells to hypoxia of various depths from near anoxia to near normoxia. This marks a step in the path to mimic core, penumbra, and healthy tissue, and will facilitate better <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> modeling of ischemic stroke.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The generator forms a stable and reproducible gradient within 30 min. Oxygen concentrations at the extremes are adjustable in a physiologically relevant range. Application of the generator did not negatively affect electrophysiological recordings or the viability of cultures, thus confirming the cytocompatibility of the device.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The developed device is able to impose an oxygen gradient on neuronal cultures and may enrich <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> stroke models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1110083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T05:02:41Z","timestamp":1679979761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Oxygen gradient generator to improve in vitro modeling of ischemic stroke"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Santiago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joose","family":"Kreutzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsbeth","family":"Bossink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasi","family":"Kallio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joost","family":"le Feber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139022217","author":"Boal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mechanics of the cell"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/SENSORS47125.2020.9278735","author":"Bossink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Versatile fabrication and integration method of optical oxygen sensors in organ-on-chips."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"107","article-title":"Generating linear oxygen gradients across 3D cell cultures with block-layered oxygen controlled chips (BLOCCs) microelectron.","volume":"195","author":"Boyce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. 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