{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T08:49:47Z","timestamp":1769503787364,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glaucoma is the first major category of irreversible blinding eye illnesses worldwide. Its leading cause is the death of retinal ganglion cells and their axons, which results in the loss of vision. Research indicates that glaucoma affects the optic nerve and the whole visual pathway. It also reveals that degenerative lesions caused by glaucoma can be found outside the visual pathway. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that can investigate the complete visual system, including alterations in the optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate nuclear, and optic radiation. In order to provide a more solid foundation for the degenerative characteristics of glaucoma, this paper will discuss the standard diagnostic techniques for glaucoma through a review of the literature, describe the use of DTI technology in glaucoma in humans and animal models, and introduce these techniques. With the advancement of DTI technology and its coupling with artificial intelligence, DTI represents a potential future for MRI technology in glaucoma research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1125638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T12:34:48Z","timestamp":1675341288000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Application of diffusion tensor imaging technology in glaucoma diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaqiong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueyu","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.06.004","article-title":"Brain imaging in glaucoma from clinical studie s to clinical practice.","volume":"221","author":"Altobelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Progr. Brain Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-310069","article-title":"Investigating the usefulness of a cluster-based trend analysis to detect visual field progression in patients with open-angle glaucoma.","volume":"101","author":"Aoki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-310309","article-title":"The association between ocular surface measurements with visual field reliability indices and gaze tracking results in preperimetric glaucoma.","volume":"102","author":"Arai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(94)80775-1","article-title":"MR diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging.","volume":"66","author":"Basser","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2010.01977.x","article-title":"Performance of time-domain and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography for glaucoma screening.","volume":"90","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3126\/nepjoph.v13i2.34673","article-title":"Glaucoma screening in family members of glaucoma patients at a tertiary eye hospital in eastern region of Nepal.","volume":"13","author":"Bhandari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nepal. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12297","article-title":"Neurodegeneration beyond the primary visual pathways in a population with a high incidence of normal-pressure glaucoma.","volume":"36","author":"Boucard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9893","article-title":"Structural brain abnormalities in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma: A study with 3T MR imaging.","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2012.02832.x","article-title":"Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging reveals visual pathway damage that correlates with clinical severity in glaucoma.","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.11.026","article-title":"Association of race and ethnicity with the frequency of outpatient glaucoma care.","volume":"129","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2021.02.002","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging of the spinal cord.","volume":"29","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.10.21","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging of visual pathway abnormalities in five glaucoma animal models.","volume":"62","author":"Colbert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.09.004","article-title":"A macroscopic view of microstructure: Using diffusion-weighted images to infer damage, repair, and plasticity of white matter.","volume":"276","author":"Concha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2011.01.014","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging detects rarefaction of optic radiation in glaucoma patients.","volume":"18","author":"Engelhorn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2522081240","article-title":"Optic nerve and optic radiation neurodegeneration in patients with glaucoma: In vivo analysis with 3-T diffusion-tensor MR imaging.","volume":"252","author":"Garaci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)01112-6","article-title":"A in neuroimaging of the visual pathways and their use in glaucoma.","volume":"173","author":"Garaci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-100419-111350","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography and glaucoma.","volume":"7","author":"Geevarghese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Vision Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23862","article-title":"Diffuse brain damage in normal tension glaucoma.","volume":"39","author":"Giorgio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.07.002","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and deep learning in glaucoma: Current state and future prospects.","volume":"257","author":"Girard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12824","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging of the visual pathway in dogs with primary angle-closure glaucoma.","volume":"24","author":"Graham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.5.2.15","article-title":"The 24-2 visual field test misses central macular damage confirmed by the 10-2 visual field test and optical coherence tomography.","volume":"5","author":"Grillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Vision Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49","article-title":"The complications of myopia: A review and meta-analysis.","volume":"61","author":"Haarman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85602-x","article-title":"White matter alterations in glaucoma and monocular blindness differ outside the visual system.","volume":"11","author":"Hanekamp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000949","article-title":"Distribution and progression of visual field defects with binocular vision in glaucoma.","volume":"27","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A7495","article-title":"Microstructural visual pathway white matter alterations in primary open-angle glaucoma: A neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging study.","volume":"43","author":"Haykal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3788","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15552","article-title":"In vivo evaluation of white matter integrity and anterograde transport in visual system after excitotoxic retinal injury with multimodal MRI and OCT.","volume":"56","author":"Ho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1957169","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography.","volume":"254","author":"Huang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4312","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2007.4353290","article-title":"Diffusion tensor MR study of optic nerve degeneration in glaucoma.","volume":"2007","author":"Hui","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.01.004","article-title":"Glaucoma.","volume":"105","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91194-3","article-title":"Glaucoma and mortality risk: Findings from a prospective population-based study.","volume":"11","author":"K\u00fchn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4946819","article-title":"Differences in Gaussian diffusion tensor imaging and non-Gaussian diffusion kurtosis imaging model-based estimates of diffusion tensor invariants in the human brain.","volume":"43","author":"Lanzafame","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002203","article-title":"Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging: What water tells us about biological tissues.","volume":"13","author":"Le Bihan","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097445","article-title":"Alteration of fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity in glaucoma: Novel results of a meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies.","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2018.7134","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of central damage determination in glaucoma by magnetic resonance imaging: An observational study.","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-018-1050-1","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of diffusion tensor imaging for clinical management of glioma.","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2021.07.006","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted imaging: Recent advances and applications.","volume":"42","author":"Martinez-Heras","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Ultrasound CT MR"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0577-x","article-title":"The impact of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and management of glaucoma.","volume":"34","author":"Mayro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-013-0233-0","article-title":"Positive correlation between the degree of visual field defect and optic radiation damage in glaucoma patients.","volume":"57","author":"Murai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12283","article-title":"DTI challenge: Toward standardized evaluation of diffusion tensor imaging tractography for neurosurgery.","volume":"25","author":"Pujol","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.05.006","article-title":"Combined machine learning and diffusion tensor imaging reveals altered anatomic fiber connectivity of the brain in primary open-angle glaucoma.","volume":"1718","author":"Qu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001463","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography in glaucoma.","volume":"29","author":"Rao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000609","article-title":"Comparing the performance of compass perimetry with humphrey field analyzer in eyes with glaucoma.","volume":"26","author":"Rao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2020.108323","article-title":"Common aspects between glaucoma and brain neurodegeneration.","volume":"786","author":"Sacc\u00e0","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198830","article-title":"Investigation of lateral geniculate nucleus volume and diffusion tensor imaging in patients with normal tension glaucoma using 7 tesla magnetic resonance imaging.","volume":"13","author":"Schmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2020.0225","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma.","volume":"117","author":"Schuster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2014.05.014","article-title":"Glaucoma severity affects diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters of the optic nerve and optic radiation.","volume":"83","author":"Sidek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00426","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging detects microstructural differences of visual pathway in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.21899","article-title":"Glaucoma in adults-screening, diagnosis, and management: A review.","volume":"325","author":"Stein","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.03.019","article-title":"Rapid initial OCT RNFL thinning is predictive of faster visual field loss during extended follow-up in glaucoma.","volume":"229","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21836","article-title":"Toward a practical protocol for human optic nerve DTI with EPI geometric distortion correction.","volume":"30","author":"Techavipoo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.013","article-title":"Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"121","author":"Tham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313173","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and deep learning in ophthalmology.","volume":"103","author":"Ting","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23597","article-title":"White matter abnormalities and correlation with severity in normal tension glaucoma: A whole brain atlas-based diffusion tensor study.","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20964","article-title":"In vivo diffusion tensor imaging of the human optic nerve: Pilot study in normal controls.","volume":"56","author":"Wheeler-Kingshott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3414","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-21144","article-title":"Spatial entropy pursuit for fast and accurate perimetry testing.","volume":"58","author":"Wild","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3619","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-19002","article-title":"Test-retest variability of fundus-tracked perimetry at the peripapillary region in open angle glaucoma.","volume":"57","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22850-4","article-title":"Age-related changes in eye, brain and visuomotor behavior in the DBA\/2J mouse model of chronic glaucoma.","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.10.029","article-title":"Peripapillary and macular vessel density in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and unilateral visual field loss.","volume":"125","author":"Yarmohammadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.259600","article-title":"Normal tension glaucoma: From the brain to the eye or the inverse?","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"B60","first-page":"975","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging of optic nerve and optic radiation in primary chronic angle-closure glaucoma using 3T magnetic resonance imaging.","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6171","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17286","article-title":"Retinotopic changes in the gray matter volume and cerebral blood flow in the primary visual cortex of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma.","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7001","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7619","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging detects retinal ganglion cell axon damage in the mouse model of optic nerve crush.","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000558","article-title":"MRI study of the posterior visual pathways in primary open angle glaucoma.","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2714","article-title":"Voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging of the optic pathway in primary open-angle glaucoma: A preliminary study.","volume":"33","author":"Zikou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1125638\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T12:34:52Z","timestamp":1675341292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1125638\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2023.1125638"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1125638","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"article-number":"1125638"}}