{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T23:56:54Z","timestamp":1790985414664,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to assess the brain functional changes of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with olfactory dysfunction (CRSwOD) using regional homogeneity (ReHo) of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and to better explain the occurrence and development of olfactory decline in patients with chronic sinusitis provides a new idea for the study of more advanced olfactory therapy modalities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 28 CRSwOD patients, 24 patients with CRS without olfactory dysfunction (CRSsOD), and 25 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. All subjects underwent olfactory testing, clinical and brief psychological assessments, and MRI scans. A two-sided two-sample <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> test with AlphaSim correction (voxel-<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001, cluster size &amp;gt;54 voxels) was used to detect differences between CRSwOD, CRSsOD, and HC groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with HCs, the ReHo values in traditional olfactory regions (e.g., parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), hippocampal, olfactory cortex) were increased, and ReHo values in the frontal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, precuneus, and posterior cingulate gyrus were decreased in CRSwOD patients. The ReHo values in the precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus of CRSwOD patients were negatively correlated with Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders-Negative Statements (QOD-NS) scores. Compared with CRSsOD patients, the ReHo values in cerebellar regions were increased and those in the inferior temporal gyrus, precuneus, postcentral, and paracentral gyrus were decreased in CRSwOD patients. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that the mean ReHo values significantly differed between the CRSwOD and CRSsOD groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Synchronization of regional brain activity in the regions of the secondary olfactory cortex orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), temporal gyrus, precuneus, and cerebellum may be closely related to the development of olfactory dysfunction. Precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus may be critical brain areas of action for emotional dysfunction in CRSwOD patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1146259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T12:29:46Z","timestamp":1690460986000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Regional homogeneity alterations of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging of chronic rhinosinusitis with olfactory dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhao","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiting","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2019.12.013","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction and chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"40","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.10.023","article-title":"The functional neuroanatomy of odor evoked autobiographical memories cued by odors and words","volume":"51","author":"Arshamian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn045","article-title":"Interaction of working memory and long-term memory in the medial temporal lobe","volume":"18","author":"Axmacher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-014-0627-7","article-title":"Consensus paper: the role of the cerebellum in perceptual processes","volume":"14","author":"Baumann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1007\/s00106-007-1606-9","article-title":"Development of a grading scale for the Sino-nasal outcome Test-20 German adapted version (SNOT-20 GAV)","volume":"56","author":"Baumann","year":"2008","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000192284.22703.04","article-title":"Radiographic stage fails to predict symptom outcomes after endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"116","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp055","article-title":"Where is the semantic system? A critical review and meta-analysis of 120 functional neuroimaging studies","volume":"19","author":"Binder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14426","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1774-15.2015","article-title":"Consolidation of complex events via reinstatement in posterior cingulate cortex","volume":"35","author":"Bird","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjt072","article-title":"Olfactory disorders and quality of life--an updated review","volume":"39","author":"Croy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42534","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42534","article-title":"Brain fingerprints of olfaction: a novel structural method for assessing olfactory cortical networks in health and disease","volume":"7","author":"Fjaeldstad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.601","article-title":"European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2020","volume":"58","author":"Fokkens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cmini-mental state\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.03.053","article-title":"Addressing the reliability fallacy in fMRI: similar group effects may arise from unreliable individual effects","volume":"195","author":"Frohner","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.018","article-title":"Neural correlates of taste perception in congenital olfactory impairment","volume":"62","author":"Gagnon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2011.06.007","article-title":"Executive function in chronic pain patients and healthy controls: different cortical activation during response inhibition in fibromyalgia","volume":"12","author":"Glass","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9003-8","article-title":"Impaired brain response to odors in patients with varied severity of olfactory loss after traumatic brain injury","volume":"265","author":"Han","year":"","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5393","article-title":"Alterations of brain Gray matter density and olfactory bulb volume in patients with olfactory loss after traumatic brain injury","volume":"35","author":"Han","year":"","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-019-00729-5","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of human olfactory dysfunction","volume":"32","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11275","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711415114","article-title":"SMELL-S and SMELL-R: olfactory tests not influenced by odor-specific insensitivity or prior olfactory experience","volume":"114","author":"Hsieh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26316","article-title":"The prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"127","author":"Kohli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C","article-title":"The patient health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener","volume":"41","author":"Kroenke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25037","article-title":"Gray matter volume reduction in the emotional brain networks in adults with anosmia","volume":"100","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30122","article-title":"Depression symptoms and olfactory-related quality of life","volume":"132","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9120338","article-title":"Functional connectivity between the resting-state olfactory network and the hippocampus in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.06.008","article-title":"Detectability and reproducibility of the olfactory fMRI signal under the influence of magnetic susceptibility artifacts in the primary olfactory cortex","volume":"178","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2009.09.009","article-title":"The right parahippocampal gyrus contributes to the formation and maintenance of bound information in working memory","volume":"72","author":"Luck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949510410s02","article-title":"Quantification for staging sinusitis. The staging and therapy group","volume":"104","author":"Lund","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1021\/cn1000843","article-title":"Central processing of the chemical senses: an overview","volume":"2","author":"Lundstrom","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5527","article-title":"Resting-state functional MRI: everything that nonexperts have always wanted to know","volume":"39","author":"Lv","year":"2018","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831524","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.831524","article-title":"The function and structure of Precuneus is associated with subjective sleep quality in major depression","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-021-02397-3","article-title":"A systematic review of olfactory-related brain structural changes in patients with congenital or acquired anosmia","volume":"227","author":"Manan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22112","article-title":"Factor analysis of the questionnaire of olfactory disorders in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"8","author":"Mattos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17722109","article-title":"Functional and structural alterations in the migraine cerebellum","volume":"39","author":"Mehnert","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5873","article-title":"Functional MRI as an objective measure of olfaction deficit in patients with traumatic anosmia","volume":"39","author":"Moon","year":"2018","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino16.098","article-title":"Olfactory function in patients with hyposmia compared to healthy subjects - an fMRI study","volume":"54","author":"Pellegrino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S73261","article-title":"Major depressive disorder: mechanism-based prescribing for personalized medicine","volume":"11","author":"Saltiel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.07.005","article-title":"The cerebellum and cognition","volume":"688","author":"Schmahmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.10.030","article-title":"Statistical localization of human olfactory cortex","volume":"66","author":"Seubert","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8990","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-21-08990.1998","article-title":"Odorant-induced and sniff-induced activation in the cerebellum of the human","volume":"18","author":"Sobel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86818","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086818","article-title":"Frequency specificity of regional homogeneity in the resting-state human brain","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.08.039","article-title":"Functional topography in the human cerebellum: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies","volume":"44","author":"Stoodley","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.08.065","article-title":"Functional topography of the cerebellum for motor and cognitive tasks: an fMRI study","volume":"59","author":"Stoodley","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380615","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/380615","article-title":"Gray matter volumes in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"2015","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s40136-022-00433-2","article-title":"Functional imaging in olfactory disorders","volume":"10","author":"Van Regemorter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Otorhinolaryngol. Rep."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21188","article-title":"Identification of human gustatory cortex by activation likelihood estimation","volume":"32","author":"Veldhuizen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjz045","article-title":"Cerebellar Gray matter and olfactory performance","volume":"44","author":"Wabnegger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-1065-1","article-title":"Impaired intrinsic functional connectivity between the thalamus and visual cortex in migraine without aura","volume":"20","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26229","article-title":"Patterns of olfactory impairment reflect underlying disease etiology","volume":"127","author":"Whitcroft","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.02.005","article-title":"Altered gray matter volume in the frontal pain modulation network in patients with cluster headache","volume":"154","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.12.030","article-title":"Regional homogeneity approach to fMRI data analysis","volume":"22","author":"Zang","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12843","article-title":"Cerebellar involvement in olfaction: an fMRI study","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47177","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.47177","article-title":"Characterizing functional pathways of the human olfactory system","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-022-00628-7","article-title":"Hyperconnectivity between the posterior cingulate and middle frontal and temporal gyrus in depression: based on functional connectivity meta-analyses","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.05.009","article-title":"Test-retest reliabilities of resting-state FMRI measurements in human brain functional connectomics: a systems neuroscience perspective","volume":"45","author":"Zuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1146259\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T12:29:48Z","timestamp":1690460988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1146259\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2023.1146259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1146259","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"article-number":"1146259"}}