{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T22:01:23Z","timestamp":1793052083316,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuromuscular diseases are a prevalent cause of prolonged and severe suffering for patients, and with the global population aging, it is increasingly becoming a pressing concern. To assess muscle activity in NMDs, clinicians and researchers typically use electromyography (EMG), which can be either non-invasive using surface EMG, or invasive through needle EMG. Surface EMG signals have a low spatial resolution, and while the needle EMG provides a higher resolution, it can be painful for the patients, with an additional risk of infection. The pain associated with the needle EMG can pose a risk for certain patient groups, such as children. For example, children with spinal muscular atrophy (type of NMD) require regular monitoring of treatment efficacy through needle EMG; however, due to the pain caused by the procedure, clinicians often rely on a clinical assessment rather than needle EMG. Magnetomyography (MMG), the magnetic counterpart of the EMG, measures muscle activity non-invasively using magnetic signals. With super-resolution capabilities, MMG has the potential to improve spatial resolution and, in the meantime, address the limitations of EMG. This article discusses the challenges in developing magnetic sensors for MMG, including sensor design and technology advancements that allow for more specific recordings, targeting of individual motor units, and reduction of magnetic noise. In addition, we cover the motor unit behavior and activation pattern, an overview of magnetic sensing technologies, and evaluations of wearable, non-invasive magnetic sensors for MMG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1154572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T03:21:46Z","timestamp":1684380106000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Alignment of magnetic sensing and clinical magnetomyography"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Negin","family":"Ghahremani Arekhloo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Parvizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siming","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huxi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kianoush","family":"Nazarpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justus","family":"Marquetand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadi","family":"Heidari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","author":"Arekhloo","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39330","article-title":"Local recording of biological magnetic fields using Giant magneto resistance-based micro-probes","volume":"6","author":"Barbieri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14133","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1601513113","article-title":"Optical magnetic detection of single-neuron action potentials using quantum defects in diamond","volume":"113","author":"Barry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"137","article-title":"Fatigue of submaximal static contractions","volume":"556","author":"Bigland-Ritchie","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.05.008","article-title":"Magnetoencephalography with optically pumped magnetometers (OPM-MEG): the next generation of functional neuroimaging","volume":"45","author":"Brookes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2871947","article-title":"Optically pumped magnetometers for magneto-myography to study the innervation of the hand","volume":"26","author":"Broser","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2021.102571","article-title":"Investigation of the temporal and spatial dynamics of muscular action potentials through optically pumped magnetometers","volume":"59","author":"Broser","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798376","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.798376","article-title":"Peripheral nerve Magnetoneurography with optically pumped magnetometers","volume":"13","author":"Bu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys566","article-title":"Optical magnetometry","volume":"3","author":"Budker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)83837-9","article-title":"Electrical activity of the human uterus during pregnancy as recorded from the abdominal surface","volume":"90","author":"Buhimschi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70498-3","article-title":"Uterine activity during pregnancy and labor assessed by simultaneous recordings from the myometrium and abdominal surface in the rat","volume":"178","author":"Buhimschi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref12","author":"Casillas","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"044019","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.8.044019","article-title":"Miniature cavity-enhanced diamond magnetometer","volume":"8","author":"Chatzidrosos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-7475","article-title":"Reorganization of the hand somatosensory cortex following perinatal unilateral brain injury","volume":"31","author":"Chu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32340-0","article-title":"Global estimates of the need for rehabilitation based on the global burden of disease study 2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Cieza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.01.010","article-title":"Surface EMG based muscle fatigue evaluation in biomechanics","volume":"24","author":"Cifrek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/73.12.830","article-title":"Motor unit recruitment and the gradation of muscle force","volume":"73","author":"Clamann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(01)00033-5","article-title":"Sampling, noise-reduction and amplitude estimation issues in surface electromyography","volume":"12","author":"Clancy","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/1050-6411(94)90022-1","article-title":"Electrology and localized electrization revisited","volume":"4","author":"Clarys","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1080\/001401300750004159","article-title":"Electromyography in sports and occupational settings: an update of its limits and possibilities","volume":"43","author":"Clarys","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"109","volume-title":"What do jays know about other minds and other times?","author":"Clayton","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1654294","article-title":"Magnetomyography: magnetic fields around the human body produced by skeletal muscles","volume":"21","author":"Cohen","year":"1972","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"Quantum mechanics, volume 3: Fermions, bosons, photons, correlations, and entanglement","author":"Cohen-Tannoudji","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.13.2.135","article-title":"The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics","volume":"13","author":"De Luca","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00009.2006","article-title":"Decomposition of surface EMG signals","volume":"96","author":"De Luca","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.5137\/1019-5149.JTN.3073-10.1","article-title":"Anatomic variations of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel: a brief review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Demircay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Turk. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90456-S","article-title":"Uterine electromyography: a critical review","volume":"169","author":"Devedeux","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(98)00015-7","article-title":"Estimation of the relationship between the noninvasively detected activity of single motor units and their characteristic pathological changes by modelling","volume":"8","author":"Disselhorst-Klug","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90122-3","article-title":"Motor unit firing rates and firing rate variability in the detection of neuromuscular disorders","volume":"73","author":"Dorfman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.06.011","article-title":"Human motor unit recordings: origins and insight into the integrated motor system","volume":"1409","author":"Duchateau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199511000-00002","article-title":"Morphological features and activation patterns of motor units","volume":"12","author":"Enoka","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref32","author":"Escalona-Vargas","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23870","article-title":"Characterizing pelvic floor muscles activities using magnetomyography","volume":"38","author":"Escalona-Vargas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2009.02.023","article-title":"Extraction, quantification and characterization of uterine magnetomyographic activity\u2014a proof of concept case study","volume":"144","author":"Eswaran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.03.063","article-title":"Prediction of labor in term and preterm pregnancies using non-invasive magnetomyographic recordings of uterine contractions","volume":"190","author":"Eswaran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.123031","article-title":"First magnetomyographic recordings of uterine activity with spatial-temporal information with a 151-channel sensor array","volume":"187","author":"Eswaran","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.12.002","article-title":"Estimation of average muscle fiber conduction velocity from two-dimensional surface EMG recordings","volume":"134","author":"Farina","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2005.11.043","article-title":"Optimised GMR sensors for low and high frequencies applications","volume":"129","author":"Fermon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sensors Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"023394","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.2.023394","article-title":"Diamond magnetometer enhanced by ferrite flux concentrators","volume":"2","author":"Fescenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Res."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpaic.2011.03.010","article-title":"Action potential: generation and propagation","volume":"12","author":"Fletcher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anaesth. Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"044702","DOI":"10.1116\/5.0025186","article-title":"Sensitive magnetometry in challenging environments","volume":"2","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"AVS Quant. Sci."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/30\/10\/006","article-title":"Magnetomyographic recording and identification of uterine contractions using Hilbert-wavelet transforms","volume":"30","author":"Furdea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1998.26.6.413","article-title":"Instrumentation for the diagnosis of term and preterm labour","volume":"26","author":"Garfield","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1139\/y04-081","article-title":"The resilience of the size principle in the organization of motor unit properties in normal and reinnervated adult skeletal muscles","volume":"82","author":"Gordon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719114556484","article-title":"Tracking the changes in synchrony of the electrophysiological activity as the uterus approaches labor using magnetomyographic technique","volume":"22","author":"Govindan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052801","article-title":"A new generation of OPM for high dynamic and large bandwidth MEG: the 4He OPMs\u2014first applications in healthy volunteers","volume":"23","author":"Gutteling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.01.002","article-title":"Correlation between levator ani muscle injuries on magnetic resonance imaging and fecal incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and urinary incontinence in primiparous women","volume":"202","author":"Heilbrun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.cp010211","article-title":"Functional organization of motoneuron pool and its inputs","author":"Henneman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116995","article-title":"Multi-channel whole-head OPM-MEG: helmet design and a comparison with a conventional system","volume":"219","author":"Hill","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2005.03.001","article-title":"Clinical applications of surface electromyography in neuromuscular disorders","volume":"35","author":"Hogrel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.10.160","article-title":"Estimating motor unit discharge patterns from high-density surface electromyogram","volume":"120","author":"Holobar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref52","volume-title":"Levels and trends in child mortality: report 2017","author":"Hug","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.12.159","article-title":"Quantum interference effects in Josephson tunneling","volume":"12","author":"Jaklevic","year":"1964","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00635990","article-title":"Electromyography and fatigue during prolonged, low-level static contractions","volume":"57","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2006.05.003","article-title":"Using two-dimensional spatial information in decomposition of surface EMG signals","volume":"17","author":"Kleine","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2004.833655","article-title":"Superconducting quantum interference devices: state of the art and applications","volume":"92","author":"Kleiner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-022-01572-7","article-title":"Investigating the spatial resolution of EMG and MMG based on a systemic multi-scale model","volume":"21","author":"Klotz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.71.631","article-title":"High-transition-temperature superconducting quantum interference devices","volume":"71","author":"Koelle","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113001","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-2048\/29\/11\/113001","article-title":"SQUIDs in biomagnetism: a roadmap towards improved healthcare","volume":"29","author":"K\u00f6rber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Supercond. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"A portable diamond quantum sensor","author":"K\u00fcbler","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a006023","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006023","article-title":"Signaling in muscle contraction","volume":"7","author":"Kuo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199908)22:8<1087::AID-MUS13>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Changes in the compound action current amplitudes in relation to the conduction velocity and functional recovery in the reconstructed peripheral nerve","volume":"22","author":"Kuypers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.08.034","article-title":"Risks of stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse surgery in relation to mode of childbirth","volume":"204","author":"Leijonhufvud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1109\/5.56910","article-title":"A review of magnetic sensors","volume":"78","author":"Lenz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/1049909109358420","article-title":"Assessment and management of fatigue in neuromuscular disease","volume":"27","author":"Lou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hospice Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"90","article-title":"First magnetomyographic recordings of uterine activity with spatial-temporal information using 151 channel sensor array (SARA)","volume":"100","author":"Lowery","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ark. Med. Soc."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00067-1","article-title":"Magnetometry of injury currents from human nerve and muscle specimens using superconducting qua ntum interferences devices","volume":"262","author":"Mackert","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195058239.001.0001","volume-title":"Bioelectromagnetism: Principles and applications of bioelectric and biomagnetic fields","author":"Malmivuo","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"187","article-title":"Human abdominal EHG processing for uterine contraction monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Marque","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biotechnology"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.06.009","article-title":"Optically pumped magnetometers reveal fasciculations non-invasively","volume":"132","author":"Marquetand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.308077","article-title":"Axonal regeneration and sprouting as a potential therapeutic target for nervous system disorders","volume":"16","author":"Marshall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(98)00021-2","article-title":"Magnetic fields produced by single motor units in human skeletal muscles","volume":"110","author":"Masuda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.1975.1058782","article-title":"Anisotropic magnetoresistance in ferromagnetic 3d alloys","volume":"11","author":"McGuire","year":"1975","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21055","article-title":"American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic medicine evidenced-based review: use of surface electromyography in the diagnosis and study of neuromuscular disorders","volume":"38","author":"Meekins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"3","article-title":"Standards for reporting EMG data","volume":"9","author":"Merletti","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119082934","volume-title":"Surface electromyography: physiology, engineering, and applications","author":"Merletti","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(02)00082-2","article-title":"The linear electrode array: a useful tool with many applications","volume":"13","author":"Merletti","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2008.09.002","article-title":"Analysis of motor units with high-density surface electromyography","volume":"18","author":"Merletti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref79","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Experimental and simulated EMG responses in the study of the human spinal cord. Electrodiagnosis in new frontiers of clinical research","author":"Mezzarane","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii32","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.069211","article-title":"The basics of electromyography","volume":"76","author":"Mills","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1109\/10.634647","article-title":"A model of the magnetic fields created by single motor unit compound action potentials in skeletal muscle","volume":"44","author":"Parker","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.042","article-title":"Childbirth and pelvic floor dysfunction: an epidemiologic approach to the assessment of prevention opportunities at delivery","volume":"195","author":"Patel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(72)90058-2","article-title":"Discharge frequency and discharge pattern of human motor units during voluntary contraction of muscle","volume":"32","author":"Person","year":"1972","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0191111","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191111","article-title":"Localizing on-scalp MEG sensors using an array of magnetic dipole coils","volume":"13","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-4-55","article-title":"Synchronization analysis of the uterine magnetic activity during contractions","volume":"4","author":"Ramon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64032-1.00017-5","article-title":"Normal and abnormal spontaneous activity","volume":"160","author":"Rubin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref87","unstructured":"Motor unit recruitment in EMG: definition of motor unit recruitment and overview\n            SandbrinkF\n            ElladC\n          2016"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"035104","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/aa58b4","article-title":"High-sensitivity operation of single-beam optically pumped magnetometer in a kHz frequency range","volume":"28","author":"Savukov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010242","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1010242","article-title":"Optically pumped magnetometers detect altered maximal muscle activity in neuromuscular disease","volume":"16","author":"Semeia","year":"1928","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1139\/y91-037","article-title":"Role of exercise-induced potassium fluxes underlying muscle fatigue: a brief review","volume":"69","author":"Sj\u00f8gaard","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724755","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.724755","article-title":"Muscle fatigue revisited\u2013insights from optically pumped magnetometers","volume":"12","author":"Sometti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S160","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-2048\/19\/3\/024","article-title":"Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives","volume":"19","author":"Sternickel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Supercond. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010228","article-title":"Vitamins and minerals for energy, fatigue and cognition: a narrative review of the biochemical and clinical evidence","volume":"12","author":"Tardy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.05.063","article-title":"Optically pumped magnetometers: from quantum origins to multi-channel magnetoencephalography","volume":"199","author":"Tierney","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2013.05.005","article-title":"Patients with neuromuscular disorder","volume":"97","author":"Turakhia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3810022","article-title":"Optimal signal bandwidth for the recording of surface EMG activity of facial, jaw, oral, and neck muscles","volume":"38","author":"Van Boxtel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(90)82585-6","article-title":"Magnetic field of a single muscle fiber. First measurements and a core conductor model","volume":"57","author":"Van Egeraat","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2018.04.003","article-title":"The global epidemiology of preterm birth","volume":"52","author":"Vogel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020546","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1020546","article-title":"Wearable super-resolution muscle-machine interfacing","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81828-x","article-title":"Detection of biological signals from a live mammalian muscle using an early stage diamond quantum sensor","volume":"11","author":"Webb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7361105","article-title":"Magnetic field of a nerve impulse: first measurements","volume":"208","author":"Wikswo","year":"1980","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"041001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.5.041001","article-title":"Subpicotesla diamond magnetometry","volume":"5","author":"Wolf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/00016347909156375","article-title":"Electromyographic observations on the human uterus during labour","volume":"58","author":"Wolfs","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref104","first-page":"107","article-title":"Uterine contractions during pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Zahn","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000185","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202000185","article-title":"Miniaturized magnetic sensors for implantable magnetomyography","volume":"5","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1154572\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T03:22:00Z","timestamp":1684380120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1154572\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"references-count":105,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2023.1154572"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1154572","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"article-number":"1154572"}}