{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T08:30:17Z","timestamp":1773477017672,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tinnitus is closely associated with cognition functioning. In order to clarify the central reorganization of tinnitus in patients with vestibular schwannoma (<jats:italic>VS<\/jats:italic>), this study explored the aberrant dynamics of electroencephalogram (EEG) microstates and their correlations with tinnitus features in <jats:italic>VS<\/jats:italic> patients. Clinical and EEG data were collected from 98 <jats:italic>VS<\/jats:italic> patients, including 76 with tinnitus and 22 without tinnitus. Microstates were clustered into four categories. Our EEG microstate analysis revealed that <jats:italic>VS<\/jats:italic> patients with tinnitus exhibited an increased frequency of microstate C compared to those without tinnitus. Furthermore, correlation analysis demonstrated that the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) score was negatively associated with the duration of microstate A and positively associated with the frequency of microstate C. These findings suggest that the time series and syntax characteristics of EEG microstates differ significantly between <jats:italic>VS<\/jats:italic> patients with and without tinnitus, potentially reflecting abnormal allocation of neural resources and transition of functional brain activity. Our results provide a foundation for developing diverse treatments for tinnitus in <jats:italic>VS<\/jats:italic> patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1159019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T05:59:20Z","timestamp":1680760760000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Study on tinnitus-related electroencephalogram microstates in patients with vestibular schwannomas"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Chi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoguang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanwen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinmiao","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuke","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiyue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weidong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2015.03.006","article-title":"Tinnitus-related abnormalities in visual and salience networks during a one-back task with distractors","volume":"326","author":"Amaral","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3233\/rnn-140433","article-title":"Altered top-down cognitive control and auditory processing in tinnitus: evidences from auditory and visual spatial Stroop","volume":"33","author":"Araneda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.02.052","article-title":"BOLD correlates of EEG topography reveal rapid resting-state network dynamics","volume":"52","author":"Britz","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.05.060","article-title":"EEG microstates of wakefulness and NREM sleep","volume":"62","author":"Brodbeck","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00443","article-title":"Altered resting-state EEG microstate in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss patients with tinnitus","volume":"13","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00122","article-title":"Deviant dynamics of resting state electroencephalogram microstate in patients with subjective tinnitus","volume":"12","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2020.1743878","article-title":"Microstate in resting state: an EEG indicator of tinnitus?","volume":"140","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11047-5","article-title":"Cognitive, EEG, and MRI features of COVID-19 survivors: a 10-month study","volume":"269","author":"Cecchetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00174","article-title":"Disrupted brain functional network architecture in chronic tinnitus patients","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00022","article-title":"Resting-state brain abnormalities in chronic subjective tinnitus: a meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s00106-019-0633-7","article-title":"A\u2009multidisciplinary European guideline for tinnitus: diagnostics, assessment, and treatment","volume":"67","author":"Cima","year":"2019","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.03.021","article-title":"An integrative model of auditory phantom perception: tinnitus as a unified percept of interacting separable subnetworks","volume":"44","author":"De Ridder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968859","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.968859","article-title":"Cognitive decline in acoustic neuroma patients: an investigation based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and voxel-based morphometry","volume":"13","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00369","article-title":"Altered brain microstate dynamics in adolescents with narcolepsy","volume":"10","author":"Drissi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-017-0812-y","article-title":"EEG microstates during different phases of transcendental meditation practice","volume":"18","author":"Faber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogn. Process."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.587","article-title":"Combined transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of chronic tinnitus","volume":"5","author":"Form\u00e1nek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-016-0520-4","article-title":"Altered resting-state EEG microstate parameters and enhanced spatial complexity in male adolescent patients with mild spastic Diplegia","volume":"30","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz153","article-title":"EANO guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of vestibular schwannoma","volume":"22","author":"Goldbrunner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020400050030","article-title":"Tinnitus impairs cognitive efficiency","volume":"43","author":"Hallam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1159\/000464281","article-title":"Hearing loss and risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia: findings from the Singapore longitudinal ageing study","volume":"43","author":"Heywood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-018-06850","article-title":"Aberrant intrinsic brain activity in patients with autism Spectrum disorder: insights from EEG microstates","volume":"32","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.12.010","article-title":"Microstates in resting-state EEG: current status and future directions","volume":"49","author":"Khanna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1097\/mao.0000000000001169","article-title":"Real incidence of vestibular schwannoma? Estimations from a National Registry","volume":"37","author":"Kleijwegt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2012.09.008","article-title":"Prognosis of tinnitus after acoustic neuroma surgery--surgical management of postoperative tinnitus","volume":"81","author":"Kohno","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25238","article-title":"Alterations of brain activity and functional connectivity in transition from acute to chronic tinnitus","volume":"42","author":"Lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-10-42","article-title":"The tinnitus research initiative (TRI) database: a new approach for delineation of tinnitus subtypes and generation of predictors for treatment outcome","volume":"10","author":"Landgrebe","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.05.033","article-title":"Multimodal analysis of resting state cortical activity: what does fMRI add to our knowledge of microstates in resting state EEG activity? Commentary to the papers by Britz et al. and Musso et al. in the current issue of NeuroImage","volume":"52","author":"Lehmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000000556","article-title":"A United Kingdom survey of concerns, needs, and priorities reported by patients diagnosed with acoustic neuroma","volume":"36","author":"Leong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907802","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.907802","article-title":"Altered microstate dynamics and spatial complexity in late-life schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-020-00777-2","article-title":"Reliability and individual specificity of EEG microstate characteristics","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36616-8","article-title":"Optogenetic stimulation of anterior insular cortex neurons in male rats reveals causal mechanisms underlying suppression of the default mode network by the salience network","volume":"14","author":"Menon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.11.062","article-title":"EEG microstates as a tool for studying the temporal dynamics of whole-brain neuronal networks: a review","volume":"180","author":"Michel","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116454","article-title":"EEG microstates as a continuous phenomenon","volume":"208","author":"Mishra","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2015.10.001","article-title":"The consequences of tinnitus and tinnitus severity on cognition: a review of the behavioural evidence","volume":"332","author":"Mohamad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.01.093","article-title":"Spontaneous brain activity and EEG microstates. A novel EEG\/fMRI analysis approach to explore resting-state networks","volume":"52","author":"Musso","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00521","article-title":"EEG frequency bands in psychiatric disorders: a review of resting state studies","volume":"12","author":"Newson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.01.005","article-title":"EEG microstates associated with salience and frontoparietal networks in frontotemporal dementia, schizophrenia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"124","author":"Nishida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.100176","article-title":"Does the salience network play a cardinal role in psychosis? An emerging hypothesis of insular dysfunction","volume":"37","author":"Palaniyappan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-016-2260-4","article-title":"Microsurgical resection of vestibular schwannomas: complication avoidance","volume":"130","author":"Rahimpour","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00022","article-title":"15 years of microstate research in schizophrenia \u2013 where are we? A meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Rieger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e90672","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090672","article-title":"Modulating intrinsic connectivity: adjacent subregions within supplementary motor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and parietal cortex connect to separate functional networks during task and also connect during rest","volume":"9","author":"Roth","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2021.136153","article-title":"Shannon entropy measures for EEG signals in tinnitus","volume":"762","author":"Sadeghijam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436146","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/436146","article-title":"Reduced variability of auditory alpha activity in chronic tinnitus","volume":"2014","author":"Schlee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Plasticity"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5587-06.2007","article-title":"Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control","volume":"27","author":"Seeley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020601102329","article-title":"Severe tinnitus and its effect on selective and divided attention","volume":"46","author":"Stevens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2527-2","article-title":"An economic evaluation of the healthcare cost of tinnitus management in the UK","volume":"17","author":"Stockdale","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20705","article-title":"Two systems of resting state connectivity between the insula and cingulate cortex","volume":"30","author":"Taylor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.05.036","article-title":"Deviant dynamics of EEG resting state pattern in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome adolescents: a vulnerability marker of schizophrenia?","volume":"157","author":"Tomescu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18179","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007841107","article-title":"EEG microstate sequences in healthy humans at rest reveal scale-free dynamics","volume":"107","author":"Van de Ville","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6807","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00064-14","article-title":"Disruption of the transcriptional regulator Cas5 results in enhanced killing of Candida albicans by fluconazole","volume":"58","author":"Vasicek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712628","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.712628","article-title":"Fatigue in aviation: safety risks, preventive strategies and pharmacological interventions","volume":"12","author":"Wingelaar-Jagt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00133","article-title":"Inefficient involvement of insula in sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.10.023","article-title":"Switching, tinnitus-on: maps and source localization of spontaneous EEG","volume":"132","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1159019\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T05:59:23Z","timestamp":1680760763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1159019\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2023.1159019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1159019","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"article-number":"1159019"}}