{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T15:08:30Z","timestamp":1792249710116,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are the most common cause of non-heritable, preventable mental disability, occurring in almost 5% of births in the United States. FASD lead to physical, behavioral, and cognitive impairments, including deficits related to the cerebellum. There is no known cure for FASD and their mechanisms remain poorly understood. To better understand these mechanisms, we examined the cerebellum on a cellular level by studying microglia, the principal immune cells of the central nervous system, and Purkinje cells, the sole output of the cerebellum. Both cell types have been shown to be affected in models of FASD, with increased cell death, immune activation of microglia, and altered firing in Purkinje cells. While ethanol administered in adulthood can acutely depress the dynamics of the microglial process arbor, it is unknown how developmental ethanol exposure impacts microglia dynamics and their interactions with Purkinje cells in the long term.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To address this question, we used a mouse model of human 3rd trimester exposure, whereby L7<jats:sup>cre<\/jats:sup>\/Ai9<jats:sup>+\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\/Cx3cr1<jats:sup>G\/+<\/jats:sup> mice (with fluorescently labeled microglia and Purkinje cells) of both sexes were subcutaneously treated with a binge-level dose of ethanol (5.0\u2009g\/kg\/day) or saline from postnatal days 4\u20139. Cranial windows were implanted in adolescent mice above the cerebellum to examine the long-term effects of developmental ethanol exposure on cerebellar microglia and Purkinje cell interactions using <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> two-photon imaging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that cerebellar microglia dynamics and morphology were not affected after developmental ethanol exposure. Microglia dynamics were also largely unaltered with respect to how they interact with Purkinje cells, although subtle changes in these interactions were observed in females in the molecular layer of the cerebellum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This work suggests that there are limited <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> long-term effects of ethanol exposure on microglia morphology, dynamics, and neuronal interactions, so other avenues of research may be important in elucidating the mechanisms of FASD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1176581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T05:25:47Z","timestamp":1683264347000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Developmental ethanol exposure has minimal impact on cerebellar microglial dynamics, morphology, and interactions with Purkinje cells during adolescence"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"MaKenna Y.","family":"Cealie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linh H. D.","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik D.","family":"Vonkaenel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew N.","family":"McCall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul D.","family":"Drew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ania K.","family":"Majewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1159\/000324402","article-title":"Sex differences in the cerebellum and frontal cortex: roles of estrogen receptor alpha and sex chromosome genes","volume":"93","author":"Abel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22835","article-title":"Transient activation of microglia following acute alcohol exposure in developing mouse neocortex is primarily driven by BAX-dependent neurodegeneration","volume":"63","author":"Ahlers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901790104","article-title":"Prenatal development of the cerebellar system in the rat. 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