{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T04:27:49Z","timestamp":1779337669906,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The psychostimulant methylphenidate (MPH) is the first-line pharmacological treatment for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but has numerous adverse side effects. The PPAR\u03b3 receptor agonist pioglitazone (PIO) is known to improve mitochondrial bioenergetics and antioxidant capacity, both of which may be deficient in ADHD, suggesting utility as an adjunct therapy. Here, we assessed the effects of PIO on ADHD-like symptoms, mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant pathways in multiple brain regions of neonate rats with unilateral striatal lesions induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) as an experimental ADHD model. Unilateral striatal injection of 6-OHDA reduced ipsilateral dopaminergic innervation by 33% and increased locomotor activity. This locomotor hyperactivity was not altered by PIO treatment for 14\u2009days. However, PIO increased the expression of proteins contributing to mitochondrial biogenesis in the striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum and prefrontal cortex of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. In addition, PIO treatment enhanced the expression of the phase II transcription factor Nrf2 in the striatum, prefrontal cortex and cerebellum. In contrast, no change in the antioxidant enzyme catalase was observed in any of the brain regions analyzed. Thus, PIO may improve mitochondrial biogenesis and phase 2 detoxification in the ADHD brain. Further studies are required to determine if different dose regimens can exert more comprehensive therapeutic effects against ADHD neuropathology and behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1186520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T11:05:16Z","timestamp":1690542316000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pioglitazone enhances brain mitochondrial biogenesis and phase II detoxification capacity in neonatal rats with 6-OHDA-induced unilateral striatal lesions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"V\u00e1zquez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Corona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.06.034","article-title":"Anticonvulsant potential of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist pioglitazone in pentylenetetrazole-induced acute seizures and kindling in mice","volume":"1351","author":"Abdallah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9020176","article-title":"Antioxidants as a potential target against inflammation and oxidative stress in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"9","author":"Alvarez-Arellano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200923000-00005","article-title":"Toward a new understanding of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pathophysiology: an important role for prefrontal cortex dysfunction","volume":"23","author":"Arnsten","year":"2009","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4240","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0637-9","article-title":"Effect of intrastriatal 6-OHDA lesions on extrastriatal brain structures in the mouse","volume":"55","author":"Becker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.22038\/ijbms.2019.36165.8616","article-title":"The effects of PPAR-gamma agonist pioglitazone on hippocampal cytokines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, memory impairment, and oxidative stress status in lipopolysaccharide-treated rats","volume":"22","author":"Beheshti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2021.105222","article-title":"Pioglitazone transiently stimulates paraoxonase-2 expression in male nonhuman primate brain: implications for sex-specific therapeutics in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"152","author":"Blackburn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.5.1392","article-title":"Pioglitazone induces mitochondrial biogenesis in human subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo","volume":"54","author":"Bogacka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-4-3","article-title":"Effect of pioglitazone treatment on behavioral symptoms in autistic children","volume":"4","author":"Boris","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.00027","article-title":"Neonatal 6-OHDA lesion model in mouse induces cognitive dysfunctions of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during young age","volume":"14","author":"Bouchatta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33778-0","article-title":"Neonatal 6-OHDA lesion model in mouse induces attention-deficit\/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like behaviour","volume":"8","author":"Bouchatta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.02.050","article-title":"Caffeine improves attention deficit in neonatal 6-OHDA lesioned rats, an animal model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"494","author":"Caballero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01064-1","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and risk of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in European Americans","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.014","article-title":"Cardioprotection from oxidative stress in the newborn heart by activation of PPARgamma is mediated by catalase","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00544-08","article-title":"Glutathione peroxidase 3 mediates the antioxidant effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in human skeletal muscle cells","volume":"29","author":"Chung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2015_426","article-title":"Misuse of methylphenidate","volume":"34","author":"Clemow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4067597","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4067597","article-title":"Natural compounds for the Management of Parkinson\u2019s disease and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"2018","author":"Corona","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9111039","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"9","author":"Corona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pharmacological approaches for the treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume-title":"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis, prevalence and treatment","author":"Corona","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2013.12.012","article-title":"PPARgamma activation rescues mitochondrial function from inhibition of complex I and loss of PINK1","volume":"253","author":"Corona","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10863-014-9576-6","article-title":"Impaired mitochondrial homeostasis and neurodegeneration: towards new therapeutic targets?","volume":"47","author":"Corona","year":"","journal-title":"J. Bioenerg. Biomembr."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-014-1377-0","article-title":"PPARgamma and PGC-1alpha as therapeutic targets in Parkinson\u2019s","volume":"40","author":"Corona","year":"","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.023","article-title":"PPARgamma as a therapeutic target to rescue mitochondrial function in neurological disease","volume":"100","author":"Corona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1917069","article-title":"Pharmacologic treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder","volume":"383","author":"Cortese","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102403","article-title":"Reduced fronto-striatal volume in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in two cohorts across the lifespan","volume":"28","author":"Cupertino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2005.01.007","article-title":"Effect of intrastriatal 6-OHDA lesion on dopaminergic innervation of the rat cortex and globus pallidus","volume":"193","author":"Debeir","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.02.036","article-title":"The roles of dopamine and noradrenaline in the pathophysiology and treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"69","author":"Del Campo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.112935","article-title":"Differential effects of alprazolam against methylphenidate-induced neurobehavioral alterations","volume":"222","author":"Dutt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020191","article-title":"Prophylactic and ameliorative effects of PPAR-gamma agonist pioglitazone in improving oxidative stress, germ cell apoptosis and inflammation in gentamycin-induced testicular damage in adult male albino rats","volume":"11","author":"El-Sayed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.05.001","article-title":"Effect of neuropsychiatric medications on mitochondrial function: for better or for worse","volume":"127","author":"Emmerzaal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022","article-title":"The world federation of ADHD international consensus statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder","volume":"128","author":"Faraone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00233-1","article-title":"Targeting oxidative stress in disease: promise and limitations of antioxidant therapy","volume":"20","author":"Forman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.07.043","article-title":"A pilot double-blind placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone as adjunctive treatment to risperidone: effects on aberrant behavior in children with autism","volume":"229","author":"Ghaleiha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.106.033845","article-title":"The thiazolidinedione pioglitazone alters mitochondrial function in human neuron-like cells","volume":"71","author":"Ghosh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-022-02030-6","article-title":"Systematic review of mitochondrial genetic variation in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","author":"Giannoulis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2002-0020","article-title":"Identification of a functional peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor response element in the rat catalase promoter","volume":"16","author":"Girnun","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6842-4_7","article-title":"Mechanism of 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity","volume":"50","author":"Glinka","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. Suppl."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2014.01.2735","article-title":"Low dopamine function in attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: should genotyping signify early diagnosis in children?","volume":"126","author":"Gold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2014.06.006","article-title":"Catecholamine autotoxicity. Implications for pharmacology and therapeutics of Parkinson disease and related disorders","volume":"144","author":"Goldstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-007-9544-1","article-title":"Antioxidant enzyme activities following acute or chronic methylphenidate treatment in young rats","volume":"33","author":"Gomes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7196","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0109-07.2007","article-title":"Methylphenidate administration to juvenile rats alters brain areas involved in cognition, motivated behaviors, appetite, and stress","volume":"27","author":"Gray","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1126\/science.181.4098.456","article-title":"6-Hydroxydopamine: evidence for superoxide radical as an oxidative intermediate","volume":"181","author":"Heikkila","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04327.x","article-title":"Inflammation induces mitochondrial dysfunction and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the nigrostriatal system","volume":"100","author":"Hunter","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107705","article-title":"PPARgamma\/PGC1alpha signaling as a potential therapeutic target for mitochondrial biogenesis in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"219","author":"Jamwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2010.04.018","article-title":"Pioglitazone ameliorates behavioral, biochemical and cellular alterations in quinolinic acid induced neurotoxicity: possible role of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-upsilon (PPARUpsilon) in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"96","author":"Kalonia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.11.060","article-title":"Attenuation of proinflammatory cytokines and apoptotic process by verapamil and diltiazem against quinolinic acid induced Huntington like alterations in rats","volume":"1372","author":"Kalonia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06750.x","article-title":"Effects of acute and chronic administration of atomoxetine and methylphenidate on extracellular levels of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of mice","volume":"114","author":"Koda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2015_397","article-title":"Perinatal 6-hydroxydopamine modeling of ADHD","volume":"29","author":"Kostrzewa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858690","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/858690","article-title":"The effect of pioglitazone on antioxidant levels and renal histopathology in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"2013","author":"Kuru Karabas","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378175","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1378175","article-title":"Collaborative power of Nrf2 and PPARgamma activators against metabolic and drug-induced oxidative injury","volume":"2017","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24042","article-title":"Mitochondrial biogenesis in neurodegeneration","volume":"95","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.01.004","article-title":"Methylphenidate treatment induces oxidative stress in young rat brain","volume":"1078","author":"Martins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2009.05.001","article-title":"PPARgamma stimulation promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and prevents glucose deprivation-induced neuronal cell loss","volume":"55","author":"Miglio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2019.05.006","article-title":"Beneficial effects of pioglitazone, a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist in prenatal valproic acid-induced behavioral and biochemical autistic like features in Wistar rats","volume":"76","author":"Mirza","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.108758","article-title":"A selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist benefited propionic acid induced autism-like behavioral phenotypes in rats by attenuation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"311","author":"Mirza","year":"","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.v02n0502","article-title":"Methylphenidate abuse and psychiatric side effects","volume":"2","author":"Morton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"287","article-title":"Targeting altered mitochondrial biogenesis in the brain of diabetic rats: potential effect of pioglitazone and Exendin-4","volume":"8","author":"Mostafa Tork","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rep. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1623-5","article-title":"Effects of acute doses of methylphenidate on inflammation and oxidative stress in isolated hippocampus and cerebral cortex of adult rats","volume":"124","author":"Motaghinejad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.2174\/092986711795496863","article-title":"Oxidation chemistry of catecholamines and neuronal degeneration: an update","volume":"18","author":"Napolitano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_80_18","article-title":"Relationship between antioxidant status and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children","volume":"10","author":"Nasim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101674","article-title":"Mitochondrial electron transport chain: oxidative phosphorylation, oxidant production, and methods of measurement","volume":"37","author":"Nolfi-Donegan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2020.168","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA copy number is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"32","author":"Ogutlu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2006.07.018","article-title":"Chronic administration of pioglitazone attenuates intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced-memory impairment in rats","volume":"79","author":"Pathan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080647","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation: intertwined roads to neurodegeneration","volume":"9","author":"Picca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)33004-1","article-title":"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"395","author":"Posner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318174f92a","article-title":"Catecholamine dysfunction in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: an update","volume":"28","author":"Prince","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381934","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/381934","article-title":"Pioglitazone ameliorates neuron loss in the cortex after aluminum-treatment in rats","volume":"2015","author":"Rafati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.11.041","article-title":"Review of rodent models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"132","author":"Regan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.322430","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunctions in neurodegenerative diseases: role in disease pathogenesis, strategies for analysis and therapeutic prospects","volume":"17","author":"Rey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Unit 9.35","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142301.ns0935s54","article-title":"Overview of animal models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"9","author":"Russell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2008.06.005","article-title":"Oxidative imbalance in adult attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"79","author":"Selek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2020.1796636","article-title":"An update on the clinical pharmacology of methylphenidate: therapeutic efficacy, abuse potential and future considerations","volume":"13","author":"Shellenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2328","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002328","article-title":"A combination of nutriments improves mitochondrial biogenesis and function in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats","volume":"3","author":"Shen","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-010-0019-x","article-title":"Animal models of attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a critical review","volume":"2","author":"Sontag","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atten. Defic. Hyperact. Disord."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-2007-11108","article-title":"Rosiglitazone induces mitochondrial biogenesis in mouse brain","volume":"11","author":"Strum","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3940(98)00281-x","article-title":"Progressive accumbens degeneration after neonatal striatal 6-hydroxydopamine in rats","volume":"247","author":"Teicher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2011.05.001","article-title":"Effects of pioglitazone and retinoic acid in a rotenone model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"85","author":"Ulusoy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbacli.2016.10.003","article-title":"Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder suffers from mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"6","author":"Verma","year":"2016","journal-title":"BBA Clin."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-019-02907-0","article-title":"Pioglitazone attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress, dopaminergic neuronal loss and neurobehavioral impairment by activating Nrf2\/ARE\/HO-1","volume":"44","author":"Zakaria","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00404-3","article-title":"Plasticity of dopamine D4 receptors in rat forebrain: temporal association with motor hyperactivity following neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-021-02065-3","article-title":"Neuroprotective and antioxidative effects of pioglitazone in brain tissue adjacent to the ischemic core are mediated by PI3K\/Akt and Nrf2\/ARE pathways","volume":"99","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1186520\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T11:05:24Z","timestamp":1690542324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1186520\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2023.1186520"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1186520","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"article-number":"1186520"}}