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Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Due to the lack of devices and the difficulty of gathering patients, the small sample size is one of the most challenging problems in functional brain network (FBN) analysis. Previous studies have attempted to solve this problem of sample limitation through data augmentation methods, such as sample transformation and noise addition. However, these methods ignore the unique spatial-temporal information of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, which is essential for FBN analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To address this issue, we propose a spatial-temporal data-augmentation-based classification (STDAC) scheme that can fuse the spatial-temporal information, increase the samples, while improving the classification performance. Firstly, we propose a spatial augmentation module utilizing the spatial prior knowledge, which was ignored by previous augmentation methods. Secondly, we design a temporal augmentation module by random discontinuous sampling period, which can generate more samples than former approaches. Finally, a tensor fusion method is used to combine the features from the above two modules, which can make efficient use of spatial-temporal information of fMRI simultaneously. Besides, we apply our scheme to different types of classifiers to verify the generalization performance. To evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme, we conduct extensive experiments on the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset and REST-meta-MDD Project (MDD) dataset.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Experimental results show that the proposed scheme achieves superior classification accuracy (ADNI: 82.942%, MDD: 63.406%) and feature interpretation on the benchmark datasets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proposed STDAC scheme, utilizing both spatial and temporal information, can generate more diverse samples than former augmentation methods for brain disorder classification and analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1194190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T05:07:23Z","timestamp":1684300043000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Spatial-temporal data-augmentation-based functional brain network analysis for brain disorders identification"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Qinghua","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ZhengXia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2014.00014","article-title":"Machine learning for neuroimaging with scikit-learn","volume":"8","author":"Abraham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. 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