{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T03:53:24Z","timestamp":1793246004838,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common type of focal epilepsy, imposing a significant burden on the health care system worldwide. Approximately one-third of patients with this disease who do not adequately respond to pharmacotherapy are considered drug-resistant subjects. Despite having some clues of how such epileptic activity and resistance to therapy emerge, coming mainly from preclinical models, we still witness a scarcity of human data. To narrow this gap, in this study, we aimed to estimate the relationship between hippocampal and serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), one of the main and most widely studied neurotrophins, and hippocampal subfield volumes in patients with drug-resistant mesial temporal epilepsy undergoing neurosurgical treatment. We found that hippocampal (but not serum) BDNF levels were negatively correlated with the contralateral volumes of the CA1 and CA4 subfields, presubiculum, subiculum, dentate gyrus, and molecular layer of the hippocampus. Taken together, these findings are generally in accordance with existing data, arguing for a proepileptic nature of BDNF effects in the hippocampus and related brain structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1217702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T06:27:57Z","timestamp":1689748077000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Brain but not serum BDNF levels are associated with structural alterations in the hippocampal regions in patients with drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Elena A.","family":"Filimonova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton A.","family":"Pashkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galina I.","family":"Moysak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia Y.","family":"Tropynina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana Y.","family":"Zhanaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna A.","family":"Shvaikovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna A.","family":"Akopyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantin V.","family":"Danilenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyubomir I.","family":"Aftanas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Tikhonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamil A.","family":"Rzaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PHRS.2016.03.003","article-title":"Addressing the burden of epilepsy: many unmet needs","volume":"107","author":"Beghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1111\/EPI.17165","article-title":"The global cost of epilepsy: a systematic review and extrapolation","volume":"63","author":"Begley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCO.0000162855.75391.6A","article-title":"The multiple facets of \u03b3-aminobutyric acid dysfunction in epilepsy","volume":"18","author":"Ben-Ari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1750-3639.2012.00583.X","article-title":"Defining Clinico-neuropathological subtypes of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Bl\u00fcmcke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMOA1703784","article-title":"Histopathological findings in brain tissue obtained during epilepsy surgery","volume":"377","author":"Blumcke","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1111\/EPI.12220","article-title":"International consensus classification of hippocampal sclerosis in temporal lobe epilepsy: a task force report from the ILAE commission on diagnostic methods","volume":"54","author":"Bl\u00fcmcke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004176","article-title":"A meta-analysis on progressive atrophy in intractable temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"89","author":"Caciagli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.4172\/NEUROPSYCHIATRY.1000205","article-title":"Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor level and depressive severity in patients with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy: a case-control study","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/J.YEBEH.2016.02.029","article-title":"Interictal serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor level reflects white matter integrity, epilepsy severity, and cognitive dysfunction in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"119","article-title":"Contralateral hippocampal volume influences surgical outcome in patients with MTLE and similar degree of ipsilateral hippocampal atrophy neurologic evaluation of midline facial defects view project","volume":"20","author":"Conz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Epilep Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EPLEPSYRES.2019.05.011","article-title":"Automated evaluation of hippocampal subfields volumes in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and its relationship to the surgical outcome","volume":"154","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42494-021-00048-y","article-title":"HMGB1, neuronal excitability and epilepsy","volume":"3","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Act Epileptol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(95)11600-2","article-title":"Selective vulnerability of the CA1 region of hippocampus to the indirect excitotoxic effects of malonic acid","volume":"192","author":"Davolio","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.3389\/FPSYG.2014.00781","article-title":"Using bayes to get the most out of non-significant results","volume":"5","author":"Dienes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NLM.2008.05.008","article-title":"Excitotoxic lesions restricted to the dorsal CA1 field of the hippocampus impair spatial memory and extinction learning in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"90","author":"Dillon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref17","author":"Engel","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2020.1174","article-title":"Seminar in epileptology MRI essentials in epileptology: a review from the ILAE imaging taskforce","volume":"22","author":"Federico","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003509","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy","volume":"88","author":"Fiest","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ANNDIAGPATH.2017.05.009","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in refractory hippocampal sclerosis-related temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"30","author":"Gales","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2018.0707","article-title":"BDNF alleviates neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of type 1 diabetic mice via blocking the aberrant HMGB1\/RAGE\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/ENE.12232","article-title":"Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in epilepsy","volume":"21","author":"Hong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2015.04.042","article-title":"A computational atlas of the hippocampal formation using ex vivo, ultra-high resolution MRI: application to adaptive segmentation of in vivo MRI","volume":"115","author":"Iglesias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NPEP.2018.09.005","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and epilepsy: a systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Iughetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1111\/EPI.14596","article-title":"The epidemiology of drug-resistant epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Kalilani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EPLEPSYRES.2015.09.004","article-title":"Volumetric and shape analysis of hippocampal subfields in unilateral mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal atrophy","volume":"117","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"32","article-title":"Invasive electroencephalography in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"12","author":"King","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.02.013","article-title":"Pathophysiological characteristics associated with Epileptogenesis in human hippocampal sclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Kitaura","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145710000738","article-title":"Blood BDNF concentrations reflect brain-tissue BDNF levels across species","volume":"14","author":"Klein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858405278266","article-title":"To BDNF or not to BDNF: that is the epileptic hippocampus","volume":"11","author":"Koyama","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1111\/ANE.12926","article-title":"Hippocampal subfield segmentation in temporal lobe epilepsy: relation to outcomes","volume":"137","author":"Kreilkamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1528-1167.2009.02397.X","article-title":"Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: consensus proposal by the ad hoc task force of the ILAE commission on therapeutic strategies","volume":"51","author":"Kwan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-68536-6_50","article-title":"Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and neuroimaging","author":"Linera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. neuroradiology."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3389\/FNCEL.2020.585833\/BIBTEX","article-title":"An overview on the differential interplay among neurons\u2013astrocytes\u2013microglia in CA1 and CA3 hippocampus in hypoxia\/ischemia","volume":"14","author":"Lana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175909142211366","DOI":"10.1177\/17590914221136662","article-title":"Translocation of high mobility group box 1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in depressed patients with epilepsy","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1283-6","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in brain disorders: focus on neuroinflammation","volume":"56","author":"Lima Giacobbo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3389\/FNHUM.2018.00367\/BIBTEX","article-title":"Motor sequence learning is associated with hippocampal subfield volume in humans with medial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"12","author":"Long","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROSCIENCE.2015.11.046","article-title":"Increased expression of BDNF transcript with exon VI in hippocampi of patients with pharmaco-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"314","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Levy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3698","DOI":"10.1007\/S12035-017-0597-0\/FIGURES\/2","article-title":"Increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor transcripts I and VI, cAMP response element binding, and glucocorticoid receptor in the cortex of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"55","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Levy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02815150\/METRICS","article-title":"Granule cell mRNA levels for BDNF, NGF, and NT-3 correlate with neuron losses or supragranular mossy fiber sprouting in the chronically damaged and epileptic human hippocampus","volume":"30","author":"Mathern","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Chem. Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.3.453","article-title":"Hippocampal GABA and glutamate transporter immunoreactivity in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"52","author":"Mathern","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1528-1167.2007.00986.X","article-title":"Cation-chloride cotransporters and GABA-ergic innervation in the human epileptic hippocampus","volume":"48","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref900","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(20000320)418:4%3C411::AID-CNE4%3E3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Altered mRNA expression for brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor and type II calcium\/calmodulin\u2010dependent protein kinase in the hippocampus of patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Comp. Neurol","volume":"418","author":"Murray","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS20020257","article-title":"Decreased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Ng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106794","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EPLEPSYRES.2021.106794","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"178","author":"Nowroozi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS21031170","article-title":"BDNF as a promising therapeutic agent in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Palasz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3390\/METABO13010083","article-title":"Biomarkers of drug resistance in temporal lobe epilepsy in adults","volume":"13","author":"Panina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Meta"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70310-0","article-title":"Mechanisms of epileptogenesis and potential treatment targets","volume":"10","author":"Pitk\u00e4nen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106612","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EPLEPSYRES.2021.106612","article-title":"Kinetics of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentration levels in epileptic patients after generalized tonic-clonic seizures","volume":"173","author":"Poniatowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3389\/FNCEL.2018.00273\/BIBTEX","article-title":"Mechanism of BDNF modulation in GABAergic synaptic transmission in healthy and disease brains","volume":"12","author":"Porcher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v12.i1.77","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammation in depression: pathogenic partners in crime?","volume":"12","author":"Porter","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118011","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2021.118011","article-title":"Association between hippocampal structure and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in healthy adults: a registered report","volume":"236","author":"Puhlmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/J.YEBEH.2007.08.007","article-title":"MRI volume loss of subcortical structures in unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"11","author":"Pulsipher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SEIZURE.2018.09.005","article-title":"Subfield-specific tractography of the hippocampus in epilepsy patients at 7 tesla","volume":"62","author":"Rutland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/J.YEBEH.2016.09.032","article-title":"Quality of life in epilepsy\u201431 inventory (QOLIE-31) scores: a global comparison","volume":"65","author":"Saadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/HBM.25326","article-title":"FreeSurfer-based segmentation of hippocampal subfields: a review of methods and applications, with a novel quality control procedure for ENIGMA studies and other collaborative efforts","volume":"43","author":"S\u00e4mann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106595","DOI":"10.1016\/J.YEBEH.2019.106595","article-title":"Life and death in the hippocampus: What\u2019s bad?","volume":"121","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JNS.2014.03.026","article-title":"Clinico-pathological factors influencing surgical outcome in drug resistant epilepsy secondary to mesial temporal sclerosis","volume":"340","author":"Savitr Sastri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1535-7511.2005.05312.x","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and epilepsy-a missing link?","volume":"5","author":"Scharfman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4718","DOI":"10.1002\/HBM.22506","article-title":"In vivo mapping of hippocampal subfields in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: relation to histopathology","volume":"35","author":"Schoene-Bake","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EPLEPSYRES.2007.01.004","article-title":"Increased NKCC1 expression in refractory human epilepsy","volume":"74","author":"Sen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.25789\/ymj.2020.71.27","article-title":"Brain neurotrophic factor (bdnf) and its diagnostic significance when measured in blood: Analytical review","volume":"71","author":"Shvaikovskaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yakut Med. J."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TIPS.2006.10.002","article-title":"Angels and demons: neurotrophic factors and epilepsy","volume":"27","author":"Simonato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.3389\/FNINS.2021.699176\/BIBTEX","article-title":"Making the invisible visible: advanced neuroimaging techniques in focal epilepsy","volume":"15","author":"Sone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NICL.2016.06.008","article-title":"Automated subfield volumetric analysis of hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy using high-resolution T2-weighed MR imaging","volume":"12","author":"Sone","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70109-1","article-title":"Outcomes of epilepsy surgery in adults and children","volume":"7","author":"Spencer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1535-7511.2005.00049.x","article-title":"CURRENT REVIEW IN BASIC SCIENCE the role of the subiculum in epilepsy and Epileptogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Stafstrom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3389\/FNINT.2013.00055\/BIBTEX","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels in anxiety disorders: systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"7","author":"Suliman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)01355-9","article-title":"Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy show an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein and its correlation with neuropeptide Y","volume":"818","author":"Takahashi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199746545.003.0015","article-title":"Imaging of hippocampal circuits in epilepsy","volume-title":"Jasper\u2019s Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies .eds J. L. Noebels, M. Avoli and M. A. Rogawski","author":"Takano","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1111\/NAN.12150","article-title":"Review: hippocampal sclerosis in epilepsy: a neuropathology review","volume":"40","author":"Thom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2174\/1573405613666170622114920","article-title":"Neuroimaging methods in epilepsy of temporal origin","volume":"15","author":"Tsougos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Med Imaging Rev"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1002\/ANA.25205","article-title":"Getting the best outcomes from epilepsy surgery","volume":"83","author":"Vakharia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/BRAIN\/AWL318","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier leakage may lead to progression of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"130","author":"Van Vliet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.3389\/FNEUR.2021.775781\/BIBTEX","article-title":"Temporal lobe epilepsy and psychiatric comorbidity","volume":"12","author":"Vinti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450121999200729150443","article-title":"The potential therapeutic role of the HMGB1-TLR pathway in epilepsy","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v12.i6.779","article-title":"Role of high mobility group box protein 1 in depression: a mechanistic and therapeutic perspective","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEURON.2008.04.002","article-title":"Astrocytes in the epileptic brain","volume":"58","author":"Wetherington","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12883-020-01817-X\/FIGURES\/4","article-title":"The morphological characteristics of hippocampus and thalamus in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3389\/FNCEL.2020.00082\/BIBTEX","article-title":"The role of BDNF on neural plasticity in depression","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.3389\/FNINS.2021.770627\/BIBTEX","article-title":"Study of neuronal apoptosis ceRNA network in hippocampal sclerosis of human temporal lobe epilepsy by RNA-Seq","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1007\/S11684-019-0718-4\/METRICS","article-title":"Machine learning for detecting mesial temporal lobe epilepsy by structural and functional neuroimaging","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1217702\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T06:28:02Z","timestamp":1689748082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1217702\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2023.1217702"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1217702","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"article-number":"1217702"}}