{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T09:53:05Z","timestamp":1769161985063,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Distal radius fractures are a common type of fracture. For patients treated with closed reduction with splinting, a period of rehabilitation is still required after the removal of the splint. However, there is a general lack of attention and low compliance to rehabilitation training during this period, so it is necessary to build a rehabilitation training monitoring system to improve the efficiency of patients\u2019 rehabilitation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A wearable rehabilitation training wristband was proposed, which could be used in the patient\u2019s daily rehabilitation training scenario and could recognize four common wrist rehabilitation actions in real-time by using three thin film pressure sensors to detect the pressure change curve at three points on the wrist. An algorithmic framework for classifying rehabilitation training actions was proposed. In our framework, an action pre-detection strategy was designed to exclude false detections caused by switching initial gestures during rehabilitation training and wait for the arrival of the complete signal. To classify the action signals into four categories, firstly an autoencoder was used to downscale the original signal. Six SVMs were then used for evaluation and voting, and the final action with the highest number of votes would be used as the prediction result.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Experimental results showed that the proposed algorithmic framework achieved an average recognition accuracy of 89.62%, an average recognition recall of 88.93%, and an f1 score of 89.27% on the four rehabilitation training actions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The developed device has the advantages of being small size and easy to wear, which can quickly and accurately identify and classify four common rehabilitation training actions. It can easily be combined with peripheral devices and technologies (e.g., cell phones, computers, Internet) to build different rehabilitation training scenarios, making it worthwhile to use and promote in clinical settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1238176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T13:12:49Z","timestamp":1694697169000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Wearable rehabilitation wristband for distal radius fractures"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Qing","family":"Zha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeou","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuefeng","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guodong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0267549","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267549","article-title":"A research protocol on leap motion tracking device: a novel intervention method in distal radial fracture rehabilitation","volume":"17","author":"Arora","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Simultaneous pressure sensors monitoring system for hand gestures recognition","author":"Atitallah","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.22270\/jmpas.V10I4.1270","article-title":"Physiotherapy rehabilitation of distal radial fracture to enhance the activity of daily living","volume":"10","author":"Badwaik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Pharm. Allied Sci."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16230","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.16230","article-title":"Rehabilitation following surgically treated distal radius fractures: do immobilization and physiotherapy affect the outcome?","volume":"13","author":"Bhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PATREC.2022.11.028","article-title":"TIGER: a Tucker-based instrument for gesture recognition with inertial sensors","volume":"165","author":"Bilius","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn. Lett."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102351","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJINFOMGT.2021.102351","article-title":"Determinants of mHealth success: an empirical investigation of the user perspective","volume":"59","author":"Birkmeyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.3390\/JCM9082639","article-title":"The effectiveness of virtual reality rehabilitation in patients with knee and hip osteoarthritis","volume":"9","author":"Byra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1109\/16.8814","article-title":"An ultraminiature solid-state pressure sensor for a cardiovascular catheter","volume":"35","author":"Chau","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron Devices"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7613569","article-title":"Intelligent rehabilitation assistance tools for distal radius fracture: a systematic review based on literatures and mobile application stores","volume":"2020","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Methods Med."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6051","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.6051","article-title":"Gesture recognition based on surface electromyography-feature image","volume":"33","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Concurr. Comput."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750482","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2022.750482","article-title":"sEMG-based gesture classifier for a rehabilitation glove","volume":"16","author":"Copaci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurorobot."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/S00530-021-00815-4","article-title":"A review of computer vision-based approaches for physical rehabilitation and assessment","volume":"28","author":"Debnath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Multimed. Syst."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17505","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3050175","article-title":"Soft wrist-worn multi-functional sensor array for real-time hand gesture recognition","volume":"22","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J."},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"390","article-title":"Dynamic gesture recognition using inertial sensors-based data gloves","author":"Fang","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2022.3226459","article-title":"Computer vision based on a modular neural network for automatic assessment of physical therapy rehabilitation activities","volume":"31","author":"Francisco","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2214265","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202214265","article-title":"Advances in wearable strain sensors based on electrospun fibers","volume":"33","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6359403","article-title":"Design and manufacture of data gloves for rehabilitation training and gesture recognition based on flexible sensors","volume":"2021","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2020.0083","article-title":"Smart skin: vision-based soft pressure sensing system for in-home hand rehabilitation","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soft Robot."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-020-03487-3","article-title":"Comparison of outcomes between nonsurgical and surgical treatment of distal radius fracture: a systematic review update and meta-analysis","volume":"140","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117957272110223","DOI":"10.1177\/11795727211022330","article-title":"The potential of computer vision-based marker-less human motion analysis for rehabilitation","volume":"10","author":"Hellsten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rehabil. Process Outcome"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-171050","article-title":"The biomechanical analysis of three-dimensional distal radius fracture model with different fixed splints","volume":"26","author":"Hua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Technol. Health Care"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1808509","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201808509","article-title":"Emerging technologies of flexible pressure sensors: materials, modeling, devices, and manufacturing","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3177-y","article-title":"Evaluating the effect and mechanism of upper limb motor function recovery induced by immersive virtual-reality-based rehabilitation for subacute stroke subjects: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10367","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2022.3190620","article-title":"2.5 D laser-cutting-based customized fabrication of long-term wearable textile sEMG sensor: from design to intention recognition","volume":"7","author":"Jeong","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Robot Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"574","article-title":"The first surface micromachined pressure sensor for cardiovascular pressure measurements","author":"Kalvesten","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"852","article-title":"Hand pose estimation and hand shape classification using multi-layered randomized decision forests","author":"Keskin","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.3390\/s19183827","article-title":"IMU sensor-based hand gesture recognition for human-machine interfaces","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Impact of virtual reality on rehabilitation of distal radial fracture with head mounted device [internet]. Protocol exchange","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0224819","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224819","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality rehabilitation training on gait and balance in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.2095-9958.2020.03.01","article-title":"Expert consensus on standardized painless closed manipulative reduction and cast immobilization for distal radius fracture based on enhanced recovery after surgery. Chinese journal of bone and joint","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2206982","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202206982","article-title":"Learning hand kinematics for Parkinson\u2019s disease assessment using a multimodal sensor glove","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"655","article-title":"Design of an intelligent medical splint with 3D printing and pressure detection","author":"Li","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1688948","article-title":"Face validity and content validity of a game for distal radius fracture rehabilitation","volume":"8","author":"Meijer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Wrist Surg."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e042629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042629","article-title":"Serious game versus standard care for rehabilitation after distal radius fractures: a protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Meijer","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12112531","article-title":"Personalized and safe soft glove for rehabilitation training","volume":"12","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2018.03.004","article-title":"Self-measured wrist range of motion by wrist-injured and wrist-healthy study participants using a built-in iPhone feature as compared with a universal goniometer","volume":"32","author":"Modest","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hand Ther."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-00510-8","article-title":"A wearable biosensing system with in-sensor adaptive machine learning for hand gesture recognition","volume":"4","author":"Moin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28586","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.28586","article-title":"Gamification in therapeutic rehabilitation of distal radial and ulnar fracture: a case report","volume":"14","author":"Naqvi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4063","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154063","article-title":"Sensors and systems for physical rehabilitation and health monitoring\u2014a review","volume":"20","author":"Nascimento","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.07.001","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo evaluation of SU-8 biocompatibility","volume":"33","author":"Nemani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e203497","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.3497","article-title":"Operative vs nonoperative treatment of distal radius fractures in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Ochen","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-021-09697-5","article-title":"The benefits and harms of early mobilization and supervised exercise therapy after non-surgically treated proximal humerus or distal radius fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"\u00d8stergaard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001187","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202001187","article-title":"Recent progress in flexible pressure sensors based electronic skin","volume":"23","author":"Pierre Claver","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12568","article-title":"Reliability and concurrent validity of a new iP hone\u00ae goniometric application for measuring active wrist range of motion: a cross-sectional study in asymptomatic subjects","volume":"230","author":"Pourahmadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/03091902.2019.1653391","article-title":"A low-cost, wearable sEMG sensor for upper limb prosthetic application","volume":"43","author":"Prakash","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-020-03367-w","article-title":"Rehabilitation after distal radius fractures: is there a need for immobilization and physiotherapy?","volume":"140","author":"Quadlbauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2020.03.010","article-title":"Adding mobilisation with movement to exercise and advice hastens the improvement in range, pain and function after non-operative cast immobilisation for distal radius fracture: a multicentre, randomised trial","volume":"66","author":"Reid","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0206-x","article-title":"What is the clinical value of mHealth for patients?","volume":"3","author":"Rowland","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Digital Med."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S223592","article-title":"Virtual reality rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Rutkowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis."},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"2482","article-title":"RARN: a real-time skeleton-based action recognition network for auxiliary rehabilitation therapy","author":"Shen","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"4150","article-title":"Deephand: robust hand pose estimation by completing a matrix imputed with deep features","author":"Sinha","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11010056","article-title":"Recent progress of miniature MEMS pressure sensors","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"103","article-title":"Research on upper limb rehabilitation action recognition method of unsupervised contrast learning based on time-domain multi-scale feature fusion","author":"Sun","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"3786","article-title":"Latent regression forest: structured estimation of 3d articulated hand posture","author":"Tang","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"10853","article-title":"Self-supervised 3d hand pose estimation through training by fitting","author":"Wan","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030673","article-title":"Inertial sensor-based lower limb joint kinematics: a methodological systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Weygers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8441","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3049273","article-title":"Multi-features capacitive hand gesture recognition sensor: a machine learning approach","volume":"21","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2022.03.014","article-title":"Bioinspired acoustic textiles with nanoscale vibrations for wearable biomonitoring","volume":"5","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-021-00318-2","article-title":"Stretchable and anti-impact iontronic pressure sensor with an ultrabroad linear range for biophysical monitoring and deep learning-aided knee rehabilitation","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.3390\/mi9110580","article-title":"Recent developments for flexible pressure sensors: a review","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2021.106970","article-title":"A review of multimodal human activity recognition with special emphasis on classification, applications, challenges and future directions","volume":"223","author":"Yadav","year":"2021","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2019.2940030","article-title":"Recognizing hand gestures with pressure-sensor-based motion sensing","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits. Syst."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040887","article-title":"Deep learning for sensor-based rehabilitation exercise recognition and evaluation","volume":"19","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1238176\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T13:12:54Z","timestamp":1694697174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1238176\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2023.1238176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1238176","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"article-number":"1238176"}}