{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:57:53Z","timestamp":1793044673084,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brain development is a complex process that begins during pregnancy, and the events occurring during this sensitive period can affect the offspring\u2019s neurodevelopmental outcomes. Respiratory viral infections are frequently reported in pregnant women, and, in the last few decades, they have been related to numerous neuropsychiatric sequelae. Respiratory viruses can disrupt brain development by directly invading the fetal circulation through vertical transmission or inducing neuroinflammation through the maternal immune activation and production of inflammatory cytokines. Influenza virus gestational infection has been consistently associated with psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder, while the recent pandemic raised some concerns regarding the effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 on neurodevelopmental outcomes of children born to affected mothers. In addition, emerging evidence supports the possible role of respiratory syncytial virus infection as a risk factor for adverse neuropsychiatric consequences. Understanding the mechanisms underlying developmental dysfunction allows for improving preventive strategies, early diagnosis, and prompt interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1320319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T04:50:55Z","timestamp":1704689455000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Impact of respiratory viral infections during pregnancy on the neurological outcomes of the newborn: current knowledge"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Manti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Spoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio Gennaro","family":"Nicotera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Di Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Piedimonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.163.4.522","article-title":"Epidemiological evidence that maternal influenza contributes to the aetiology of schizophrenia. An analysis of Scottish, English, and Danish data","volume":"163","author":"Adams","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry J. Ment. Sci."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0267575","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267575","article-title":"Infants prenatally exposed to SARS-CoV-2 show the absence of fidgety movements and are at higher risk for neurological disorders: a comparative study","volume":"17","author":"Aldrete-Cortez","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646052","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2021.646052","article-title":"A focus on the cerebellum: from embryogenesis to an age-related clinical perspective","volume":"15","author":"Amore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8953","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88524-w","article-title":"Population-based serology reveals risk factors for RSV infection in children younger than 5 years","volume":"11","author":"Andeweg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11010047","article-title":"Potential neurocognitive symptoms due to respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"11","author":"Andrade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-015-0720-y","article-title":"Severe neurologic syndrome associated with Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV)","volume":"43","author":"Arabi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03359-2","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infections during pregnancy: a national prospective study in Kuwait","volume":"22","author":"Ayed","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21974","article-title":"Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain","volume":"513","author":"Azevedo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00122","article-title":"Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, host-virus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Baig","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6761.1111","article-title":"The fetal and infant origins of adult disease","volume":"301","author":"Barker","year":"1990","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2015.12.018","article-title":"Maternal infections during pregnancy and cerebral palsy in the child","volume":"57","author":"Bear","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2014.08.002","article-title":"Prevention and management of influenza in pregnancy","volume":"41","author":"Beigi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25991","article-title":"Pediatric ischemic stroke: an infrequent complication of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"89","author":"Beslow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.09.021","article-title":"Lung pathology due to hRSV infection impairs blood-brain barrier permeability enabling astrocyte infection and a long-lasting inflammation in the CNS","volume":"91","author":"Bohmwald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0225767","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225767","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus exhibits differential tropism for distinct human placental cell types with Hofbauer cells acting as a permissive reservoir for infection","volume":"14","author":"Bokun","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09972","article-title":"A transient placental source of serotonin for the fetal forebrain","volume":"472","author":"Bonnin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2018.05.005","article-title":"Early prenatal exposure to pandemic influenza a (H1N1) infection and child psychomotor development at 6 months \u2013 a population-based cohort study","volume":"122","author":"Borren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2018.10.009","article-title":"Correlation between human nervous system development and acquisition of fetal skills: an overview","volume":"41","author":"Borsani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6827","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11226827","article-title":"Perinatal cerebral ischemic lesion and SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy: a case report and a review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Brogna","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbj052","article-title":"Prenatal infection as a risk factor for schizophrenia","volume":"32","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.3.438","article-title":"Nonaffective psychosis after prenatal exposure to rubella","volume":"157","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09030361","article-title":"Prenatal infection and schizophrenia: a review of epidemiologic and translational studies","volume":"167","author":"Brown","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0168786","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168786","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to respiratory syncytial virus alters postnatal immunity and airway smooth muscle contractility during early-life reinfections","volume":"12","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2252","article-title":"Development of the human cerebral cortex: Boulder committee revisited","volume":"9","author":"Bystron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1159\/000520537","article-title":"Neonatal cerebral venous thrombosis following maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy","volume":"119","author":"Campi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.13070943","article-title":"Serological documentation of maternal influenza exposure and bipolar disorder in adult offspring","volume":"171","author":"Canetta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762684","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.762684","article-title":"Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy on infant neurobehavioral development: a case-control study","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.184.4.359","article-title":"Psychiatric complications in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) during the acute treatment phase: a series of 10 cases","volume":"184","author":"Cheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry J. Ment. Sci."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537741","article-title":"Autism in children with congenital rubella","volume":"1","author":"Chess","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Autism Child. Schizophr."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2008.01662.x","article-title":"The mechanisms and regulation of placental amino acid transport to the human foetus","volume":"20","author":"Cleal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101295","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor activation regulates microglia polarization and oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats and angiotensin II-exposed microglial cells: role of renin-angiotensin system","volume":"26","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000230026.74139.18","article-title":"Interleukin-6 in the maternal circulation reaches the rat fetus in mid-gestation","volume":"60","author":"Dahlgren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02314.x","article-title":"Prenatal maternal stress programs infant stress regulation","volume":"52","author":"Davis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958682","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.958682","article-title":"Long-term predictivity of early neurological assessment and developmental trajectories in low-risk preterm infants","volume":"13","author":"Dicanio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000859","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2020-000859","article-title":"COVID-19 in pregnancy: the foetal perspective-a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Dube","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr. Open"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2215787","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.15787","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 1 year in infants of mothers who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy","volume":"5","author":"Edlow","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10122562","article-title":"Rubella virus infections: a bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature from 2000 to 2021","volume":"10","author":"Ejaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816619","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.816619","article-title":"Consequences of viral infection and cytokine production during pregnancy on brain development in offspring","volume":"13","author":"Elgueta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1159\/000516846","article-title":"Severe brain damage in a moderate preterm infant as complication of post-COVID-19 response during pregnancy","volume":"118","author":"Engert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3361","article-title":"Mechanisms of T cell tolerance towards the allogeneic fetus","volume":"13","author":"Erlebacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9112","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1217508110","article-title":"Impaired learning resulting from respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"110","author":"Espinoza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100456","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 can infect and propagate in human placenta explants. Cell reports","volume":"2","author":"Fahmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043951","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection in elderly and high-risk adults","volume":"352","author":"Falsey","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.01.011","article-title":"The viral theory of schizophrenia revisited: abnormal placental gene expression and structural changes with lack of evidence for H1N1 viral presence in placentae of infected mice or brains of exposed offspring","volume":"62","author":"Fatemi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22489","article-title":"Systemic inflammation disrupts the developmental program of white matter","volume":"70","author":"Favrais","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18933-4","article-title":"Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission during pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Fenizia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.05.019","article-title":"Maternal choline and respiratory coronavirus effects on fetal brain development","volume":"128","author":"Freedman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2022.09.002","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric outcomes in offspring after fetal exposure to maternal influenza infection during pregnancy: a systematic review","volume":"113","author":"Fung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2012.24","article-title":"Effects of maternal immune activation on gene expression patterns in the fetal brain","volume":"2","author":"Garbett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2016.1195266","article-title":"Protection of neonates and infants by maternal immunization","volume":"15","author":"Gerdts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2022-0255","article-title":"Intra-amniotic inflammation in the mid-trimester of pregnancy is a risk factor for neuropsychological disorders in childhood","volume":"51","author":"Gervasi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.11.010","article-title":"Poly I:C-induced activation of the immune response is accompanied by depression and anxiety-like behaviours, kynurenine pathway activation and reduced BDNF expression","volume":"28","author":"Gibney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12444","article-title":"Transplacental transfer of Interleukin-1 receptor agonist and antagonist following maternal immune activation","volume":"75","author":"Girard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Reproduct. Immunol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14682","article-title":"Prenatal cytomegalovirus, rubella, and Zika virus infections associated with developmental disabilities: past, present, and future","volume":"63","author":"Gordon-Lipkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040861","article-title":"Early diagnostics and early intervention in neurodevelopmental disorders-age-dependent challenges and opportunities","volume":"10","author":"Hadders-Algra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01198-w","article-title":"Maternal acute and chronic inflammation in pregnancy is associated with common neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.120.554.124-a","article-title":"Schizophrenia and season of birth","volume":"120","author":"Hare","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry J. Ment. Sci."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.16106","article-title":"FDA approves maternal RSV vaccine","volume":"330","author":"Harris","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2006.05.004","article-title":"Maternal infection and white matter toxicity","volume":"27","author":"Harry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.04.098","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes of respiratory syncytial virus infection in pregnant women","volume":"37","author":"Hause","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00063","article-title":"Glial contribution to excitatory and inhibitory synapse loss in neurodegeneration","volume":"13","author":"Henstridge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512283332604","article-title":"Association between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery of a low-birth-weight infant. The vaginal infections and prematurity study group","volume":"333","author":"Hillier","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/s002470050589","article-title":"Sequential MRI, SPECT and PET in respiratory syncytial virus encephalitis","volume":"29","author":"Hirayama","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-3223(98)00359-x","article-title":"Schizophrenia and the influenza epidemics of 1957 in Japan","volume":"46","author":"Izumoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.06.005","article-title":"Maternal infection during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540802669543","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in children with seizures from respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"41","author":"Kawashima","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00447","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00447-19","article-title":"Serological Array-in-well multiplex assay reveals a high rate of respiratory virus infections and reinfections in young children","volume":"4","author":"Kazakova","year":"2019","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30192-1","article-title":"Other viral agents of perinatal importance. Varicella, parvovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and enterovirus","volume":"24","author":"Keyserling","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712000736","article-title":"Prenatal maternal infection, neurodevelopment and adult schizophrenia: a systematic review of population-based studies","volume":"43","author":"Khandaker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738040190110301","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection and neurologic abnormalities: retrospective cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Kho","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.187","article-title":"Maternal immune activation and abnormal brain development across CNS disorders","volume":"10","author":"Knuesel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8760(94)00081-o","article-title":"Ontogenesis of goal-directed behavior: anatomo-functional considerations","volume":"19","author":"Kostovi\u0107","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20220245","article-title":"Maternal immune activation in rats induces dysfunction of placental leucine transport and alters fetal brain growth","volume":"136","author":"Kowash","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.3.450","article-title":"Schizophrenia following in utero exposure to the 1957 influenza epidemics in Japan","volume":"152","author":"Kunugi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2022.01.007","article-title":"Maternal inflammation and its ramifications on fetal neurodevelopment","volume":"43","author":"Kwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105453","article-title":"3D visualization of trans-syncytial nanopores provides a pathway for paracellular diffusion across the human placental syncytiotrophoblast","volume":"25","author":"Lewis","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0230295","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230295","article-title":"The SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 expression of maternal-fetal interface and fetal organs by single-cell transcriptome study","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2003.00052.x","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to influenza as a risk factor for adult schizophrenia","volume":"107","author":"Limosin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793561","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.793561","article-title":"Transient early fine motor abnormalities in infants born to COVID-19 mothers are associated with placental hypoxia and ischemia","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071724","article-title":"ACE2 is expressed in immune cells that infiltrate the placenta in infection-associated preterm birth","volume":"10","author":"Lye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.151.1.122","article-title":"Seasonality, birth complications and schizophrenia in a high risk sample","volume":"151","author":"Mach\u00f3n","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry J. Ment. Sci."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E81","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23775","article-title":"Detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) at birth in a newborn with respiratory distress","volume":"52","author":"Manti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25001","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus seropositivity at birth is associated with adverse neonatal respiratory outcomes","volume":"55","author":"Manti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2018.6","article-title":"Induction of high-mobility group Box-1 in vitro and in vivo by respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"83","author":"Manti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853009","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.853009","article-title":"Effects of vertical transmission of respiratory viruses to the offspring","volume":"13","author":"Manti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-022-01392-6","article-title":"UPDATE - 2022 Italian guidelines on the management of bronchiolitis in infants","volume":"49","author":"Manti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7089","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087089","article-title":"Neurotrophins: expression of brain-lung Axis development","volume":"24","author":"Manti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/20.2.263","article-title":"Prenatal influenza infections and adult schizophrenia","volume":"20","author":"Mednick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800260109013","article-title":"Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic","volume":"45","author":"Mednick","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073808331362","article-title":"Neurological complications of respiratory syncytial virus infection: case series and review of literature","volume":"24","author":"Millichap","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2022.105694","article-title":"Neurodevelopment in infants with antenatal or early neonatal exposure to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"175","author":"Mulkey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l5021","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l5021","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults","volume":"366","author":"Nam","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380101600207","article-title":"Encephalopathy associated with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis","volume":"16","author":"Ng","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92919-s","article-title":"Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to 1957 A2 influenza epidemic","volume":"337","author":"O\u2019Callaghan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2006.06.008","article-title":"Elevated CSF IL-6 in a patient with respiratory syncytial virus encephalopathy","volume":"29","author":"Otake","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-019-0674-5","article-title":"Prenatal adverse environment is associated with epigenetic age deceleration at birth and hypomethylation at the hypoxia-responsive EP300 gene","volume":"11","author":"Palma-Gudiel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.896","article-title":"Gestational influenza and bipolar disorder in adult offspring","volume":"70","author":"Parboosing","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04904-7","article-title":"An overview of the immune system","volume":"357","author":"Parkin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-023-10070-1","article-title":"Maternal immune activation induces cortical Catecholaminergic hypofunction and cognitive impairments in offspring","volume":"18","author":"Perez-Palomar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S106","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1692132","article-title":"Neonatal encephalopathy and SIADH during RSV infection","volume":"36","author":"Picone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.82.s1.03","article-title":"RSV infections: state of the art","volume":"82","author":"Piedimonte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cleve. Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0657-4","article-title":"Effects of maternal-fetal transmission of viruses and other environmental agents on lung development","volume":"87","author":"Piedimonte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2014.03.008","article-title":"Alternative mechanisms for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and persistence: could RSV be transmitted through the placenta and persist into developing fetal lungs?","volume":"16","author":"Piedimonte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61309","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061309","article-title":"Vertical transmission of respiratory syncytial virus modulates pre- and postnatal innervation and reactivity of rat airways","volume":"8","author":"Piedimonte","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60136-1","article-title":"An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood","volume":"371","author":"Saigal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1159\/000527336","article-title":"Reconsideration of the role of regulatory T cells during pregnancy: differential characteristics of regulatory T cells between the maternal-fetal Interface and peripheral sites and between early and late pregnancy","volume":"31","author":"Saito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105178","article-title":"Maternal respiratory viral infections during pregnancy and offspring\u2019s neurodevelopmental outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"149","author":"San Mart\u00edn-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.08.018","article-title":"A structured review of placental morphology and histopathological lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"101","author":"Sharps","year":"2020","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-01-00297.2003","article-title":"Maternal influenza infection causes marked behavioral and pharmacological changes in the offspring","volume":"23","author":"Shi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.11.026","article-title":"Maternal influenza infection during pregnancy impacts postnatal brain development in the rhesus monkey","volume":"67","author":"Short","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e215563","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.5563","article-title":"Association of birth during the COVID-19 pandemic with neurodevelopmental status at 6 months in infants with and without in utero exposure to maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"176","author":"Shuffrey","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.03.005","article-title":"Mechanisms of astrocyte development and their contributions to neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"27","author":"Sloan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e063052","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-063052","article-title":"Neonatal outcomes and indirect consequences following maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Sturrock","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.115","article-title":"Normal development of brain circuits. Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American college of","volume":"35","author":"Tau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0311-8","article-title":"The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention","volume":"20","author":"Tay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22335","article-title":"Attenuation of proliferation in oligodendrocyte precursor cells by activated microglia","volume":"88","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2499","article-title":"Prenatal maternal infection and risk for autism in offspring: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Tioleco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2021.02.005","article-title":"Revealing tissue-specific SARS-CoV-2 infection and host responses using human stem cell-derived lung and cerebral organoids","volume":"16","author":"Tiwari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/2.1.136","article-title":"The viral hypothesis of schizophrenia","volume":"2","author":"Torrey","year":"1976","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-009-0533-8","article-title":"Region-specific maturation of cerebral cortex in human fetal brain: diffusion tensor imaging and histology","volume":"51","author":"Trivedi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmg026","article-title":"The immunology of successful pregnancy","volume":"9","author":"Veenstra van Nieuwenhoven","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3572","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17436-6","article-title":"Transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"11","author":"Vivanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12070","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12070","article-title":"Risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in offspring of mothers with infections during pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Walle","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCPP Adv."},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2111.150497","article-title":"Maternal effects of respiratory syncytial virus infection during pregnancy","volume":"21","author":"Wheeler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NS20220064","DOI":"10.1042\/NS20220064","article-title":"Maternal immune activation and role of placenta in the prenatal programming of neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"7","author":"Woods","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuronal Signal."},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750012","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.750012","article-title":"Effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection during late pregnancy on early childhood development: a prospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.06.015","article-title":"A human pluripotent stem cell-based platform to study SARS-CoV-2 tropism and model virus infection in human cells and organoids","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31821d0b53","article-title":"Month of conception and risk of autism","volume":"22","author":"Zerbo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2021.102972","article-title":"Maternal infection during pregnancy and the risk of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in the offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.10.024","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to viral infection and neuropsychiatric disorders in offspring: a review of the literature and recommendations for the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"91","author":"Zimmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000143654.12493.c","article-title":"Detection of subgroup B respiratory syncytial virus in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia","volume":"23","author":"Zlateva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1320319\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T04:50:58Z","timestamp":1704689458000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1320319\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"references-count":131,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2023.1320319"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1320319","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"article-number":"1320319"}}