{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:45:49Z","timestamp":1782978349402,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) still poses a substantial challenge in clinical medicine because of the high morbidity and mortality rate that characterizes it. This review article expands into the complex pathophysiological processes underlying primary and secondary neuronal death following ICH. It explores the potential of therapeutic hypothermia as an intervention to mitigate these devastating effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A comprehensive literature review to gather relevant studies published between 2000 and 2023.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary brain injury results from mechanical damage caused by the hematoma, leading to increased intracranial pressure and subsequent structural disruption. Secondary brain injury encompasses a cascade of events, including inflammation, oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier breakdown, cytotoxicity, and neuronal death. Initial surgical trials failed to demonstrate significant benefits, prompting a shift toward molecular mechanisms driving secondary brain injury as potential therapeutic targets. With promising preclinical outcomes, hypothermia has garnered attention, but clinical trials have yet to establish its definitive effectiveness. Localized hypothermia strategies are gaining interest due to their potential to minimize systemic complications and improve outcomes. Ongoing and forthcoming clinical trials seek to clarify the role of hypothermia in ICH management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Therapeutic hypothermia offers a potential avenue for intervention by targeting the secondary injury mechanisms. The ongoing pursuit of optimized cooling protocols, localized cooling strategies, and rigorous clinical trials is crucial to unlocking the potential of hypothermia as a therapeutic tool for managing ICH and improving patient outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1289705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T04:24:21Z","timestamp":1708316661000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Hypothermia and temperature modulation for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH): pathophysiology and translational applications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Angel J.","family":"Cadena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Rincon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1179\/016164105X25225","article-title":"New horizons for primary intracerebral hemorrhage treatment: experience from preclinical studies.","volume":"27","author":"Aronowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.596718","article-title":"Molecular pathophysiology of cerebral hemorrhage: secondary brain injury.","volume":"42","author":"Aronowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1582132","article-title":"Stages of the inflammatory response in pathology and tissue repair after intracerebral hemorrhage.","volume":"36","author":"Askenase","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.1.FOCUS11366","article-title":"Thrombin and hemin as central factors in the mechanisms of intracerebral hemorrhage-induced secondary brain injury and as potential targets for intervention.","volume":"32","author":"Babu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930211044870","article-title":"Therapeutic hypothermia for intracerebral hemorrhage: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the experimental and clinical literature.","volume":"17","author":"Baker","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.859894","article-title":"Consensus recommendations on therapeutic hypothermia after minimally invasive intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation from the hypothermia for intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH) working group.","volume":"13","author":"Baker","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.107","article-title":"Mouse intracerebral hemorrhage models produce different degrees of initial and delayed damage, axonal sprouting, and recovery.","volume":"34","author":"Barratt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.033484","article-title":"The story of intracerebral hemorrhage: From recalcitrant to treatable disease.","volume":"52","author":"Broderick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.591933","article-title":"Influence of prophylactic, endovascularly based normothermia on inflammation in patients with severe cerebrovascular disease: a prospective, randomized trial.","volume":"41","author":"Broessner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1716405","article-title":"Tenecteplase versus alteplase before thrombectomy for ischemic stroke.","volume":"378","author":"Campbell","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000047344.28843.EB","article-title":"Risk factors for fever in the neurologic intensive care unit.","volume":"60","author":"Commichau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127256","article-title":"Efficacy of deferoxamine in animal models of intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review and stratified meta-analysis.","volume":"10","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000091269.67384.E7","article-title":"Mild hypothermia inhibits inflammation after experimental stroke and brain inflammation.","volume":"34","author":"Deng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5316","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-14-05316.1997","article-title":"Thrombin induces apoptosis in cultured neurons and astrocytes via a pathway requiring tyrosine kinase and RhoA activities.","volume":"17","author":"Donovan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.07.018","article-title":"The complement cascade as a therapeutic target in intracerebral hemorrhage.","volume":"219","author":"Ducruet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16645112","article-title":"Still cooling after all these years: Meta-analysis of pre-clinical trials of therapeutic hypothermia for acute ischemic stroke.","volume":"36","author":"Dumitrascu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230701320337","article-title":"Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death.","volume":"35","author":"Elmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-011-9521-z","article-title":"Endovascular cooling and endothelial activation in hemorrhagic stroke patients.","volume":"17","author":"Fischer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurocrit. Care"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.09.049","article-title":"Thrombin induces striatal neurotoxicity depending on mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in vivo.","volume":"144","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07091","article-title":"Combination of mild hypothermia with neuroprotectants has greater neuroprotective effects during oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation-mediated neuronal injury.","volume":"4","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000145485.67827.d0","article-title":"Intracerebral hemorrhage: effects of aging on brain edema and neurological deficits.","volume":"35","author":"Gong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-021-01208-1","article-title":"Impact of fever prevention in brain-injured patients (INTREPID): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"35","author":"Greer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurocrit. Care"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S123501","article-title":"Local mild hypothermia therapy as an augmentation strategy for minimally invasive surgery of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30195-3","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of minimally invasive surgery with thrombolysis in intracerebral haemorrhage evacuation (MISTIE III): a randomised, controlled, open-label, blinded endpoint phase 3 trial.","volume":"393","author":"Hanley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.92.1.0108","article-title":"Intracerebral administration of interleukin-1beta and induction of inflammation, apoptosis, and vasogenic edema.","volume":"92","author":"Holmin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000247868.97078.10","article-title":"Brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage: the role of thrombin and iron.","volume":"38","author":"Hua","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-007-9030-2","article-title":"Preclinical models of intracerebral hemorrhage: a translational perspective.","volume":"9","author":"James","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurocrit. Care"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)02026-1","article-title":"Effects of hypothermia on thrombin-induced brain edema formation.","volume":"895","author":"Kawai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-021-01311-3","article-title":"Neuroprotective Therapies for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage.","volume":"35","author":"Kearns","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurocrit. Care"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70104-7","article-title":"Intracerebral haemorrhage: Mechanisms of injury and therapeutic targets.","volume":"11","author":"Keep","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.032238","article-title":"Surgical evacuation of intracerebral hemorrhage: The potential importance of timing.","volume":"52","author":"Kellner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2018.01.043","article-title":"Cooling methods of targeted temperature management and neurological recovery after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A nationwide multicenter multi-level analysis.","volume":"125","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2011.00707.x","article-title":"Cooling in intracerebral hemorrhage (CINCH) trial: Protocol of a randomized German-Austrian clinical trial.","volume":"7","author":"Kollmar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0564","article-title":"Hypothermia in focal ischemia: implications of experiments and experience.","volume":"26","author":"Kollmar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2011.04.025","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in inflammation of the central nervous system.","volume":"11","author":"Kong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2215","article-title":"How dying cells alert the immune system to danger.","volume":"8","author":"Kono","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem118","article-title":"Cerebrovascular reactivity during hypothermia and rewarming.","volume":"99","author":"Lavinio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.09.013","article-title":"Regulation of therapeutic hypothermia on inflammatory cytokines, microglia polarization, migration and functional recovery after ischemic stroke in mice.","volume":"96","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2005.103.2.0289","article-title":"Reduction in levels of matrix metalloproteinases and increased expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 in response to mild hypothermia therapy in experimental stroke.","volume":"103","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000133204.81153.AC","article-title":"Early neurologic deterioration in intracerebral hemorrhage: predictors and associated factors.","volume":"63","author":"Leira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2022.08.004","article-title":"The utility of therapeutic hypothermia on cerebral autoregulation.","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Intensive Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-013-9948-5","article-title":"Therapeutic temperature modulation for fever after intracerebral hemorrhage.","volume":"21","author":"Lord","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurocrit. Care"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.011453","article-title":"Temporal course of dynamic cerebral autoregulation in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.","volume":"47","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.09.035","article-title":"Hematoma volume is a predictive factor of disturbed autoregulation after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.","volume":"382","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70195-2","article-title":"Treatment of intracerebral haemorrhage.","volume":"4","author":"Mayer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1089\/ther.2016.0033","article-title":"Meta-analysis of pre-clinical trials of therapeutic hypothermia for intracerebral hemorrhage.","volume":"7","author":"Melmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther. Hypothermia Temp. Manag."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17826-X","article-title":"Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH): a randomised trial.","volume":"365","author":"Mendelow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60986-1","article-title":"Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial lobar intracerebral haematomas (STICH II): a randomised trial.","volume":"382","author":"Mendelow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.0751539.x","article-title":"Thrombin-induced activation of cultured rodent microglia.","volume":"75","author":"Moller","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-11-108","article-title":"Dynamic cerebral autoregulation after intracerebral hemorrhage: A case-control study.","volume":"11","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.100.4.0672","article-title":"Deferoxamine-induced attenuation of brain edema and neurological deficits in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage.","volume":"100","author":"Nakamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.001913","article-title":"Dynamic cerebral autoregulation in acute intracerebral hemorrhage.","volume":"44","author":"Oeinck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.672923","article-title":"Induction of cooling with a passive head and neck cooling device: effects on brain temperature after stroke.","volume":"44","author":"Poli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-013-9904-4","article-title":"Safety evaluation of nasopharyngeal cooling (RhinoChill(R)) in stroke patients: an observational study.","volume":"20","author":"Poli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurocrit. Care"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12220","article-title":"Targeted temperature management after intracerebral hemorrhage (TTM-ICH): methodology of a prospective randomized clinical trial.","volume":"9","author":"Rincon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-012-9779-9","article-title":"Relationship between temperature, hematoma growth, and functional outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage.","volume":"18","author":"Rincon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurocrit. Care"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-012-0175-8","article-title":"Intracerebral hemorrhage: clinical overview and pathophysiologic concepts.","volume":"3","author":"Rincon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-012-9793-y","article-title":"The epidemiology of intracerebral hemorrhage in the United States from 1979 to 2008.","volume":"19","author":"Rincon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurocrit. Care"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001625","article-title":"Cerebral Autoregulation-oriented Therapy at the bedside: A comprehensive review.","volume":"126","author":"Rivera-Lara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1179\/135100009X12525712409931","article-title":"Hemin toxicity: a preventable source of brain damage following hemorrhagic stroke.","volume":"14","author":"Robinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Redox. Rep."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.03.019","article-title":"Increased expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 is associated with poor outcome in intracerebral hemorrhage.","volume":"247","author":"Rodriguez-Yanez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.12.009","article-title":"Fingolimod reduces cerebral lymphocyte infiltration in experimental models of rodent intracerebral hemorrhage.","volume":"241","author":"Rolland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.523209","article-title":"Incidence and 10-year survival of intracerebral hemorrhage in a population-based registry.","volume":"40","author":"Sacco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.2.354","article-title":"Incidence and prognostic significance of fever following intracerebral hemorrhage.","volume":"54","author":"Schwarz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-012-9762-5","article-title":"Mild prolonged hypothermia for large intracerebral hemorrhage.","volume":"18","author":"Staykov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurocrit. Care"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3233\/XST-140473","article-title":"Effect of local mild hypothermia on regional cerebral blood flow in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage assessed by 99mTc-ECD SPECT imaging.","volume":"23","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Xray Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.013486","article-title":"Impact of Hypothermia Initiation and Duration on Perihemorrhagic Edema Evolution After Intracerebral Hemorrhage.","volume":"47","author":"Volbers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000255033.02904.db","article-title":"Modeling intracerebral hemorrhage: glutamate, nuclear factor-kappa B signaling and cytokines.","volume":"38","author":"Wagner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000073905.87928.6D","article-title":"Heme and iron metabolism: role in cerebral hemorrhage.","volume":"23","author":"Wagner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2010.08.001","article-title":"Preclinical and clinical research on inflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage.","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.09.033","article-title":"Injury mechanisms in acute intracerebral hemorrhage.","volume":"134","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1089\/ther.2014.0014","article-title":"Mild therapeutic hypothermia does not reduce thrombin-induced brain injury.","volume":"4","author":"Wowk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther. Hypothermia Temp. Manag."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-09469-3_13","article-title":"Microglial activation and brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage.","volume":"105","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. Suppl."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-015-0402-1","article-title":"Rethinking the roles of inflammation in the intracerebral hemorrhage.","volume":"6","author":"Xiong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3940(00)00971-x","article-title":"Intracerebral injection of autologous whole blood in rats: time course of inflammation and cell death.","volume":"283","author":"Xue","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.593046","article-title":"Role of T lymphocytes and interferon-gamma in ischemic stroke.","volume":"113","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4906","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2018.6014","article-title":"Effect of mild hypothermia on expression of inflammatory factors in surrounding tissue after minimally invasive hematoma evacuation in the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.11.003","article-title":"Inflammation in intracerebral hemorrhage: from mechanisms to clinical translation.","volume":"115","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2024.1289705\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T04:24:33Z","timestamp":1708316673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2024.1289705\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2024.1289705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2024.1289705","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"article-number":"1289705"}}