{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:08:06Z","timestamp":1753891686760,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined how pulse train electrical stimulation of the inner surface of the rabbit retina effected the resident glial cells. We used a rabbit retinal eyecup preparation model, transparent stimulus electrodes, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The endfeet of M\u00fcller glia processes line the inner limiting membrane (ILM).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine how epiretinal electrode stimulation affected the M\u00fcller glia, we labeled them post stimulation using antibodies against soluble glutamine synthetase (GS). After 5 min 50 Hz pulse train stimulation 30 \u03bcm from the surface, the retina was fixed, immunostained for M\u00fcller glia, and examined using confocal microscopic reconstruction. Stimulus pulse charge densities between 133\u2013749 \u03bcC\/cm2\/ph were examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>High charge density stimulation (442\u2013749 \u03bcC\/cm2\/ph) caused significant losses in the GS immunofluorescence of the M\u00fcller glia endfeet under the electrode. This loss of immunofluorescence was correlated with stimuli causing ILM detachment when measured using OCT. M\u00fcller cells show potassium conductances at rest that are blocked by barium ions. Using 30 msec 20 \u03bcA stimulus current pulses across the eyecup, the change in transretinal resistance was examined by adding barium to the Ringer. Barium caused little change in the transretinal resistance, suggesting under low charge density stimulus pulse conditions, the M\u00fcller cell radial conductance pathway for these stimulus currents was small. To examine how epiretinal electrode stimulation affected the microglia, we used lectin staining 0\u20134 h post stimulation. After stimulation at high charge densities 749 \u03bcC\/cm2\/ph, the microglia under the electrode appeared rounded, while the local microglia outside the electrode responded to the stimulated retina by process orientation inwards in a ring by 30 min post stimulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study of glial cells in a rabbit eyecup model using transparent electrode imaging suggests that epiretinal electrical stimulation at high pulse charge densities, can injure the M\u00fcller and microglia cells lining the inner retinal surface in addition to ganglion cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1290829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T04:41:57Z","timestamp":1705898517000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of epiretinal electrical stimulation on the glial cells in a rabbit retinal eyecup model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Dean","family":"Henze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Majdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ethan D.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523803202091","article-title":"Cell density ratios in a foveal patch in macaque retina","volume":"20","author":"Ahmad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vis. 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