{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T08:25:41Z","timestamp":1793521541320,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare condition that affects the blood vessels of the central nervous system. This cerebrovascular disease is characterized by progressive narrowing and blockage of the internal carotid, middle cerebral, and anterior cerebral arteries, which results in the formation of a compensatory fragile vascular network. Currently, digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is considered the gold standard in diagnosing MMD. However, this diagnostic technique is invasive and may not be suitable for all patients. Hence, non-invasive imaging methods such as computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) are often used. However, these methods may have less reliable diagnostic results. Therefore, High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Vessel Wall Imaging (HR-VWI) has emerged as the most accurate method for observing and analyzing arterial wall structure. It enhances the resolution of arterial walls and enables quantitative and qualitative analysis of plaque, facilitating the identification of atherosclerotic lesions, vascular entrapment, myofibrillar dysplasia, moyamoya vasculopathy, and other related conditions. Consequently, HR-VWI provides a new and more reliable evaluation criterion for diagnosing vascular lesions in patients with Moyamoya disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1375645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T05:08:58Z","timestamp":1712812138000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["High-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging provides new insights into Moyamoya disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moxin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weixin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-312020","article-title":"High-resolution intracranial vessel wall imaging: imaging beyond the lumen","volume":"87","author":"Alexander","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.08.009","article-title":"Moyamoya disease emerging as an immune-related angiopathy","volume":"28","author":"Asselman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3302","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.115.010508","article-title":"Collateral circulation in ischemic stroke: assessment tools and therapeutic strategies","volume":"46","author":"Bang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41016-023-00318-3","article-title":"Chinese expert consensus on the treatment of MMD","volume":"9","author":"Bao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Neurosurg. J."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.112.664680","article-title":"High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging: an emerging tool for evaluating intracranial arterial disease","volume":"44","author":"Bodle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2020.195","article-title":"Novel vascular anastomoses and Moyamoya disease in a woman with down syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Byworth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-023-01970-0","article-title":"Assessment of bypass patency using transcranial Doppler sonography: correlations with computerized tomography angiography findings in patients with moyamoya disease","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.10.Jns141140","article-title":"Clinical features and disease progression in moyamoya disease patients with graves disease","volume":"123","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000002455","article-title":"The progression of pathophysiology of Moyamoya disease","volume":"93","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05359-z","article-title":"Characteristics of cerebral ischemic stroke based on moyamoya disease and atherosclerosis-associated intracranial arterial stenosis","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-019-00819-8","article-title":"Vessel Wall and lumen features in north American Moyamoya patients","volume":"30","author":"Cogswell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rli.0000186419.55504.30","article-title":"Vulnerable plaque detection by 3.0 tesla magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"41","author":"Cury","year":"2006","journal-title":"Investig. Radiol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20230114","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20230114","article-title":"High-resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging in intracranial vasculopathies: an experience from eastern India","volume":"96","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.5.Jns15767","article-title":"Comparison of 7.0- and 3.0-T MRI and MRA in ischemic-type moyamoya disease: preliminary experience","volume":"124","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.01.041","article-title":"Moyamoya vessel pathology imaged by ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging at 7.0\u2009T","volume":"25","author":"Dengler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.113.006919","article-title":"Imaging intracranial vessel wall pathology with magnetic resonance imaging: current prospects and future directions","volume":"130","author":"Dieleman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000047782","article-title":"Atherothrombosis as a systemic disease","volume":"13","author":"Drouet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt-20-324","article-title":"Vessel wall MR imaging for the detection of intracranial inflammatory vasculopathies","volume":"10","author":"Edjlali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661578","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.661578","article-title":"Pathophysiology of vascular stenosis and remodeling in Moyamoya disease","volume":"12","author":"Fox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957-964; discussion 964-955","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318208f1da","article-title":"Significance of focal cerebral hyperperfusion as a cause of transient neurologic deterioration after extracranial-intracranial bypass for moyamoya disease: comparative study with non-moyamoya patients using N-isopropyl-p-[(123)I]iodoamphetamine single-photon emission computed tomography","volume":"68","author":"Fujimura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1789.2000.00300.x","article-title":"Moyamoya disease","volume":"20","author":"Fukui","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.9.Jns17576","article-title":"High rebleeding risk associated with choroidal collateral vessels in hemorrhagic moyamoya disease: analysis of a nonsurgical cohort in the Japan adult Moyamoya trial","volume":"130","author":"Funaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28791","article-title":"A size-adaptive 32-channel array coil for awake infant neuroimaging at 3 tesla MRI","volume":"86","author":"Ghotra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2009.04.007","article-title":"Mutations in smooth muscle alpha-actin (ACTA2) cause coronary artery disease, stroke, and Moyamoya disease, along with thoracic aortic disease","volume":"84","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-10535-0","article-title":"High-resolution MRI vessel wall enhancement in moyamoya disease: risk factors and clinical outcomes","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.120.030653","article-title":"Association between the onset pattern of adult Moyamoya disease and risk factors for stroke","volume":"51","author":"Hirano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28275","article-title":"Magnetic resonance multitasking for multidimensional assessment of cardiovascular system: development and feasibility study on the thoracic aorta","volume":"84","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2016.10.018","article-title":"A 32-channel coil system for MR vessel wall imaging of intracranial and extracranial arteries at 3T","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-09218-z","article-title":"Efficacy of medical treatment and balloon angioplasty for severe intracranial atherosclerosis: a high-resolution MR vessel wall imaging","volume":"33","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(22)00165-x","article-title":"Moyamoya disease: diagnosis and interventions","volume":"21","author":"Ihara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-012-1472-4","article-title":"Outer-diameter narrowing of the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries in moyamoya disease detected on 3D constructive interference in steady-state MR image: is arterial constrictive remodeling a major pathogenesis?","volume":"154","author":"Kaku","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6360","article-title":"Vessel Wall thickening and enhancement in high-resolution intracranial Vessel Wall imaging: A predictor of future ischemic events in Moyamoya disease","volume":"41","author":"Kathuveetil","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.220634","article-title":"Emerging Technology in Musculoskeletal MRI and CT","volume":"306","author":"Kijowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.120.030012","article-title":"Luminal and wall changes in intracranial arterial lesions for predicting stroke occurrence","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.12.043","article-title":"Machine learning for detecting moyamoya disease in plain skull radiography using a convolutional neural network","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2022.18.6.610","article-title":"Vessel Wall changes on serial high-resolution MRI and the use of Cilostazol in patients with adult-onset Moyamoya disease","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.116.012751","article-title":"Nonatheroscleotic isolated middle cerebral artery disease may be early manifestation of Moyamoya disease","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1159\/000365286","article-title":"Neovascularization precedes occlusion in moyamoya disease: angiographic findings in 172 pediatric patients","volume":"72","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s12199-015-0498-7","article-title":"A new horizon of moyamoya disease and associated health risks explored through RNF213","volume":"21","author":"Koizumi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1159\/000438779","article-title":"The latest information on intracranial atherosclerosis: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"4","author":"Koo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Interv. Neurol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2176\/jns-nmc.2022-0072","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for Moyamoya disease - 2021 revised version","volume":"62","author":"Kuroda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Med. Chir. (Tokyo)"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.oa.2015-0044","article-title":"Specific shrinkage of carotid forks in Moyamoya disease: A novel key finding for diagnosis","volume":"55","author":"Kuroda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol. Med. Chir. (Tokyo)"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-020-01432-0","article-title":"High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging for the follow-up of intracranial arterial dissections","volume":"121","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.115.305363","article-title":"Deregulation of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 leads to defective angiogenic function of endothelial Colony-forming cells in pediatric Moyamoya disease","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.9.Focus19616","article-title":"Contemporary and emerging magnetic resonance imaging methods for evaluation of moyamoya disease","volume":"47","author":"Lehman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14131717","article-title":"Black-blood multicontrast imaging of carotid arteries with DANTE-prepared 2D and 3D MR imaging","volume":"273","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/rct.0000000000000834","article-title":"Imaging of Moyamoya disease and Moyamoya syndrome: current status","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.110.608471","article-title":"Increased thyroid function and elevated thyroid autoantibodies in pediatric patients with moyamoya disease: a case-control study","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1005\u20111201.2019.12.006","article-title":"Expert consensus on techniques and application of intracranial MR vessel wall imaging in China","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Radiol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145542","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1145542","article-title":"Aneurysm wall enhancement, hemodynamics, and morphology of intracranial fusiform aneurysms","volume":"15","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36386","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036386","article-title":"Clinical and immunopathological features of Moyamoya disease","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.52.299","article-title":"Distribution of moyamoya disease susceptibility polymorphism p.R4810K in RNF213 in east and southeast Asian populations","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol. Med. Chir. (Tokyo)"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6918","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-09951-z","article-title":"The diagnostic performance of high-resolution magnetic resonance-vessel wall imaging in differentiating atherosclerosis-associated moyamoya vasculopathy from moyamoya disease","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24222","article-title":"Noninvasive visualization of the basilar artery wall and branch ostia with high-resolution three-dimensional black-blood sequence at 3 tesla","volume":"39","author":"Lou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-09223-2","article-title":"Vessel wall enhancement as a predictor of arterial stenosis progression and poor outcomes in moyamoya disease","volume":"33","author":"Lu","year":"","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-330542","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of moyamoya disease versus atherosclerosis-associated moyamoya vasculopathy using high-resolution MR vessel wall imaging","volume":"94","author":"Lu","year":"","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4768","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10587-6","article-title":"Association of intracranial vessel wall enhancement and cerebral hemorrhage in moyamoya disease: a high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"268","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3876","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11702-5","article-title":"Antiplatelet therapy may improve the prognosis of patients with moyamoya disease: a 12-year retrospective study","volume":"270","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4893","article-title":"Intracranial Vessel Wall MRI: principles and expert consensus recommendations of the American Society of Neuroradiology","volume":"38","author":"Mandell","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4786","article-title":"Ventricular microaneurysms in Moyamoya Angiopathy visualized with 7T MR angiography","volume":"37","author":"Matsushige","year":"2016","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.ra.2019-0059","article-title":"Influence of inflammatory disease on the pathophysiology of Moyamoya disease and quasi-moyamoya disease","volume":"59","author":"Mikami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Med. Chir. (Tokyo)"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"1525","article-title":"Follow-up study after intracranial percutaneous transluminal cerebral balloon angioplasty","volume":"19","author":"Mori","year":"1998","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2015-012127","article-title":"Vessel wall imaging for intracranial vascular disease evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Mossa-Basha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurointerv. Surg."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3026","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.117.018227","article-title":"Added value of vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging for differentiation of nonocclusive intracranial vasculopathies","volume":"48","author":"Mossa-Basha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2016.11.019","article-title":"Comparison of 7T and 3T MRI in patients with moyamoya disease","volume":"37","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.118.038439","article-title":"Moyamoya disease susceptibility variant RNF213 p.R4810K increases the risk of ischemic stroke attributable to large-artery atherosclerosis","volume":"139","author":"Okazaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.08.030","article-title":"Trends of antiplatelet therapy for the management of Moyamoya disease in Japan: results of a nationwide survey","volume":"27","author":"Oki","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2014.03.007","article-title":"Visualization of lenticulostriate arteries at 3T: optimization of slice-selective off-resonance sinc pulse-prepared TOF-MRA and its comparison with flow-sensitive black-blood MRA","volume":"21","author":"Okuchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-4860-6","article-title":"Comparison of 3D magnetic resonance imaging and digital subtraction angiography for intracranial artery stenosis","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.110.599548","article-title":"Vessel wall inflammation in spontaneous cervical artery dissection: a prospective, observational positron emission tomography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"42","author":"Pfefferkorn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10684-6","article-title":"The angiographic presentation of European Moyamoya angiopathy","volume":"269","author":"Pilgram-Pastor","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-016-0554-8","article-title":"Ruptured aneurysms of collateral vessels in adult onset Moyamoya disease with hemorrhagic presentation","volume":"28","author":"Rhim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.2.Jns19106","article-title":"Arterial wall contrast enhancement in progressive moyamoya disease","volume":"132","author":"Roder","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.114.004761","article-title":"High-resolution magnetic resonance wall imaging findings of Moyamoya disease","volume":"45","author":"Ryoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2022.110599","article-title":"Clinical significance of \"periventricular collateral enhancement sign\" in symptomatic moyamoya disease: a vessel wall imaging study","volume":"157","author":"Ryu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-09024-7","article-title":"State-of-the-art CT and MR imaging and assessment of atherosclerotic carotid artery disease: standardization of scanning protocols and measurements-a consensus document by the European Society of Cardiovascular Radiology (ESCR)","volume":"33","author":"Saba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e017701","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.120.017701","article-title":"Association of Antiplatelet Therapy, including Cilostazol, with improved survival in patients with Moyamoya disease in a nationwide study","volume":"10","author":"Seo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa173","article-title":"Progression of ultrasound plaque attenuation and low echogenicity associates with major adverse cardiovascular events","volume":"41","author":"Shishikura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1969.00480090076012","article-title":"Cerebrovascular \"moyamoya\" disease. Disease showing abnormal net-like vessels in base of brain","volume":"20","author":"Suzuki","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338-345; discussion 345","DOI":"10.1227\/01.Neu.0000249275.87310.Ff","article-title":"Expression of hypoxia-inducing factor-1 alpha and endoglin in intimal hyperplasia of the middle cerebral artery of patients with Moyamoya disease","volume":"60","author":"Takagi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e763","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000005026","article-title":"Clinical features, course, and outcomes of a UK cohort of pediatric moyamoya","volume":"90","author":"Tho-Calvi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5462-7","article-title":"4D ASL-based MR angiography for visualization of distal arteries and leptomeningeal collateral vessels in moyamoya disease: a comparison of techniques","volume":"28","author":"Togao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-016-4525-x","article-title":"3D-black-blood 3T-MRI for the diagnosis of thoracic large vessel vasculitis: a feasibility study","volume":"27","author":"Treitl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00536","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.536","article-title":"Treatment and imaging of intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis: current perspectives and future directions","volume":"6","author":"van den Wijngaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28156","article-title":"Presurgical magnetic resonance imaging indicators of revascularization response in adults with Moyamoya vasculopathy","volume":"56","author":"Waddle","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035086","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1035086","article-title":"Application of transcranial Doppler in cerebrovascular diseases","volume":"14","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.120.029527","article-title":"Association of genetic variants with moyamoya disease in 13000 individuals: a meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44264","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44264","article-title":"The contrast enhancement of intracranial arterial wall on high-resolution MRI and its clinical relevance in patients with Moyamoya vasculopathy","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706645","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.706645","article-title":"High-resolution MR for follow-up of intracranial Steno-occlusive disease treated by endovascular treatment","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20925","article-title":"32-channel 3 tesla receive-only phased-array head coil with soccer-ball element geometry","volume":"56","author":"Wiggins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4548","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07479-0","article-title":"Validation of choroidal anastomosis on high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging as an imaging biomarker in hemorrhagic moyamoya disease","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x221111082","article-title":"Imaging features of adult moyamoya disease patients with anterior intracerebral hemorrhage based on high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"42","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13050742","article-title":"Application of Pseudo-three-dimensional residual network to classify the stages of Moyamoya disease","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.12.140","article-title":"High-resolution combined arterial spin labeling MR for identifying cerebral arterial stenosis induced by moyamoya disease or atherosclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Ya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0189493","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189493","article-title":"Magnetic resonance angiography with compressed sensing: an evaluation of moyamoya disease","volume":"13","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.14.1.50","article-title":"Histopathology of the brain vascular network in moyamoya disease","volume":"14","author":"Yamashita","year":"1983","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392.e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2020.12.023","article-title":"High-resolution MRI of the vessel wall helps to distinguish moyamoya disease from atherosclerotic moyamoya syndrome","volume":"76","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.9.Focus19599","article-title":"Magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging in cerebrovascular diseases","volume":"47","author":"Young","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1097\/scs.0000000000009681","article-title":"A vessel wall MRI investigation in patients with Moyamoya or quasi-Moyamoya disease: diagnosis, features, and outcomes","volume":"35","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.170257","article-title":"High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of Moyamoya disease","volume":"128","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.10.021","article-title":"High-resolution MR imaging of the arterial wall in moyamoya disease","volume":"584","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4201.097839","article-title":"In vivo accuracy of multispectral magnetic resonance imaging for identifying lipid-rich necrotic cores and intraplaque hemorrhage in advanced human carotid plaques","volume":"104","author":"Yuan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2015.09.001","article-title":"Three-dimensional carotid plaque MR imaging","volume":"26","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2021.100331","article-title":"Epidemiology of Moyamoya disease in China: a nationwide hospital-based study","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health West Pac."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28880","article-title":"Predictors of stroke outcomes in conservatively treated patients with Moyamoya disease: a follow-up MRI study","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-22-799","article-title":"The automatic evaluation of steno-occlusive changes in time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography of moyamoya patients using a 3D coordinate attention residual network","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2019.7198","article-title":"Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of moyamoya disease","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3605","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05457-y","article-title":"Characteristics of symptomatic plaque on high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and its relationship with the occurrence and recurrence of ischemic stroke","volume":"42","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2024.1375645\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T05:09:04Z","timestamp":1712812144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2024.1375645\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"references-count":108,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2024.1375645"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2024.1375645","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"article-number":"1375645"}}