{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:10:35Z","timestamp":1793293835806,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016989","name":"Korea University Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016989","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019266","name":"Korea Medical Device Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was applied to explore structural changes induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and the relationship with clinical outcomes. Moreover, the relationship between each segmented regional gray matter (GM) volume was investigated to identify circuits involved in the rTMS treatment process in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nineteen patients with DRE were finally included in the analysis. A session of rTMS was applied for 5 consecutive days. Participants received either 1,000 or 3,000 pulses, at a frequency of 0.5 Hz and the intensity was set at 90% of the individual\u2019s resting motor threshold. VBM analysis was performed to explore regional GM volume changes 2 months after rTMS application. The regional volume change was correlated with seizure reduction rate. Relationships between changes in GM volume in each anatomically parcellated region were analyzed using a fully-automated segmentation pipeline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to the baseline, seizure frequency was reduced, and quality of life was improved after rTMS treatment. Regional volume was increased in the cerebellar vermis 2 months after rTMS application. The increased cerebellar vermis volume correlated with the reduced seizure frequency. Regional volume changes in the cerebellar vermis were correlated with changes in the subcortical and cortical GM regions including the thalamus, caudate, and frontal cortex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results indicate that rTMS treatment effectively reduced seizure frequency in patients with DRE. Increased volume in the cerebellar vermis and activations of the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit may be a crucial mechanism underlying the effectiveness of rTMS application in patients with DRE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1421917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T12:57:16Z","timestamp":1729861036000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Increased cerebellar vermis volume following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in drug-resistant epilepsy: a voxel-based morphometry study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Mingyeong","family":"So","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jooheon","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Tak","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keun-Tae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayom","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Bin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.07.007","article-title":"A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm.","volume":"38","author":"Ashburner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0582","article-title":"Voxel-based morphometry\u2013the methods.","volume":"11","author":"Ashburner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B3","author":"Beck","year":"1987","journal-title":"Beck depression inventory."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(01)00296-3","article-title":"The validity of the hospital anxiety and depression scale. an updated literature review.","volume":"52","author":"Bjelland","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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