{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:13:29Z","timestamp":1793330009546,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Implicit motor sequence learning (IMSL) is a cognitive function that allows us to execute multiple movements in a specific sequential order and plays a crucial role in our daily functional activities. Although the role of the basal ganglia network in IMSL is well-established, the exact involvement of the cerebellar network is less clear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we aimed to address this issue by investigating the effects of cerebellar transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) on IMSL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this sham-controlled, crossover study in 45 healthy young adults, we used mixed-effects models to analyze sequence-specific (primary outcome) and general learning effects (secondary outcome) in the acquisition (during tDCS), short- (five minutes post-tDCS) and long-term consolidation (one week post-tDCS) phases of IMSL, as measured by the serial reaction time (SRT) task.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analyses based on response times (RTs) revealed that anodal tDCS over the cerebellum significantly increased sequence-specific learning during acquisition, compared to sham (anodal: <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f38.24\u202fms, sham: <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f26.78\u202fms, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.032); did not affect general learning; and significantly slowed overall RTs (anodal: <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f362.03\u202fms, sham: <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f356.37\u202fms, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.049). Accuracy-based analyses revealed that anodal tDCS reduced the probability of correct responses occurring in random trials versus sequential trials by 1.17%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.009, whereas sham tDCS had no effect, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.999.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our finding of enhanced sequence-specific learning, but not general learning, suggests that the cerebellar network not only plays a role in error correction processes, but also serves a sequence-specific function within the integrated motor learning network that connects the basal ganglia and cerebellum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1433867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T06:51:04Z","timestamp":1733467864000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The cerebellum is involved in implicit motor sequence learning"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Mahyar","family":"Firouzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kris","family":"Baetens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catalina","family":"Duta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Baeken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Van Overwalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Swinnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natacha","family":"Deroost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117114","article-title":"Involvement of the cerebellum in the serial reaction time task (SRT) (response to Janacsek et al.)","volume":"220","author":"Baetens","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001","article-title":"Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: keep it maximal","volume":"68","author":"Barr","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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