{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:18:46Z","timestamp":1793830726694,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a series of neurodevelopmental disorders that may affect a patient\u2019s social, behavioral, and communication abilities. As a typical mental illness, ASD is not a single disorder. ASD is often divided into subtypes, such as autism, Asperger\u2019s, and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Studying the differences among brain networks of the subtypes has great significance for the diagnosis and treatment of ASD. To date, many studies have analyzed the brain activity of ASD as a single mental disorder, whereas few have focused on its subtypes. To address this problem, we explored whether indices derived from functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data exhibited significant dissimilarities between subtypes. Utilizing a brain pattern feature extraction method from fMRI based on tensor decomposition, amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation and its fractional values of fMRI, and gray matter volume derived from MRI, impairments of function in the subcortical network and default mode network of autism were found to lead to major differences from the other two subtypes. Our results provide a systematic comparison of the three common ASD subtypes, which may provide evidence for the discrimination between ASD subtypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1440222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T05:10:52Z","timestamp":1728018652000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comparison of autism spectrum disorder subtypes based on functional and structural factors"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Shan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Alejandra","family":"Martinez-Tejada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natsue","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199906030-00005","article-title":"The neuroanatomy of autism: a voxel-based whole brain analysis of structural scans","volume":"10","author":"Abell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2019.05.007","article-title":"Multivariate graph learning for detecting aberrant connectivity of dynamic brain networks in autism","volume":"56","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref5","author":"Arya","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.10.025","article-title":"SPM: a history","volume":"62","author":"Ashburner","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.03.043","article-title":"EEG extended source localization: tensor-based vs. conventional methods","volume":"96","author":"Becker","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/cem.801","article-title":"A new efficient method for determining the number of components in PARAFAC models","volume":"17","author":"Bro","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Chemom."},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"315","volume-title":"Patterns of adaptive performance by individuals with autism spectrum disorders on the scales of independent behavior-revised (SIB-R)","author":"Brown","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1834","article-title":"Shared atypical default mode and salience network functional connectivity between autism and schizophrenia","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2013.01.010","article-title":"fMRI investigation of visual change detection in adults with autism","volume":"2","author":"Clery","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/conf.fninf.2013.09.00041","article-title":"The neuro bureau preprocessing Initiative: open sharing of preprocessed neuroimaging data and derivatives","author":"Craddock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinform."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21333","article-title":"A whole brain fMRI atlas generated via spatially constrained spectral clustering","volume":"33","author":"Craddock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2012.513","article-title":"Serotonin and the neural processing of facial emotions in adults with autism: an fMRI study using acute tryptophan depletion","volume":"69","author":"Daly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.78","article-title":"The autism brain imaging data exchange: towards a large-scale evaluation of the intrinsic brain architecture in autism","volume":"19","author":"Di Martino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32692-0_44","article-title":"Jointly discriminative and generative recurrent neural networks for learning from fMRI","volume-title":"Machine learning in medical imaging","author":"Dvornek","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1251","article-title":"Brain anatomy and its relationship to behavior in adults with autism spectrum disorder: a multicenter magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"69","author":"Ecker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nst101","article-title":"Empathic arousal and social understanding in individuals with autism: evidence from fMRI and ERP measurements","volume":"9","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1162\/089892902317361886","article-title":"Testing the efficiency and Independence of attentional networks","volume":"14","author":"Fan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. CAT: A computational anatomy toolbox for the analysis of structural MRI data","volume-title":"GigaScience","author":"Gaser","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86028","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086028","article-title":"Detecting the community structure and activity patterns of temporal networks: A non-negative tensor factorization approach","volume":"9","author":"Gauvin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24447","article-title":"Partially impaired functional connectivity states between right anterior insula and default mode network in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"40","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-021-00831-7","article-title":"Functional networks abnormalities in autism Spectrum disorder: age-related hypo and hyper connectivity","volume":"34","author":"Haghighat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-013-0548-0","article-title":"Changes in cerebral morphometry and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations of BOLD signals during healthy aging: correlation with inhibitory control","volume":"219","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multi-task learning for efficient diagnosis of ASD and ADHD using resting-state fMRI data","author":"Huang","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3628","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2021.3080259","article-title":"Functional connectivity-based prediction of autism on site harmonized ABIDE dataset","volume":"68","author":"Ingalhalikar","year":"2021","journal-title":"I.E.E.E. Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-015-0026-z","article-title":"Alterations of local spontaneous brain activity and connectivity in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder","volume":"6","author":"Itahashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Autism."},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"353","article-title":"Toward faster nonnegative matrix factorization: a new algorithm and comparisons","author":"Kim","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2022.3203899","article-title":"Improving multi-site autism classification via site-dependence minimization and second-order functional connectivity","volume":"42","author":"Kunda","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050012","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065720500124","article-title":"Ensemble deep learning on large, mixed-site fMRI datasets in autism and other tasks","volume":"30","author":"Leming","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Neural Syst."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.09.007","article-title":"On spurious and real fluctuations of dynamic functional connectivity during rest","volume":"104","author":"Leonardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"1","article-title":"A network-based approach to study of ADHD using tensor decomposition of resting state Fmri data","author":"Li","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2022.3159031","article-title":"Multi-level functional connectivity fusion classification framework for brain disease diagnosis","volume":"26","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24529","article-title":"Transient states of network connectivity are atypical in autism: A dynamic functional connectivity study","volume":"40","author":"Mash","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2021.147435","article-title":"\u201cUnrest while resting\u201d? Brain entropy in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"1762","author":"Maximo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01152-w","article-title":"The role of PFC networks in cognitive control and executive function","volume":"47","author":"Menon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.06.017","article-title":"Neuroimaging markers of risk and pathways to resilience in autism Spectrum disorder","volume":"6","author":"Molnar-Szakacs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00484","article-title":"Autism Spectrum disorder versus autism Spectrum disorders: terminology, concepts, and clinical practice","volume":"11","author":"Oberman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2018.06.001","article-title":"Disease prediction using graph convolutional networks: application to autism Spectrum disorder and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"48","author":"Parisot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-020-09351-0","article-title":"Associations between sensory processing and electrophysiological and neurochemical measures in children with ASD: an EEG-MRS study","volume":"13","author":"Pierce","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004100","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004100","article-title":"Resting-state temporal synchronization networks emerge from connectivity topology and heterogeneity","volume":"11","author":"Ponce-Alvarez","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.09.006","article-title":"Functional network organization of the human brain","volume":"72","author":"Power","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-1090-z","article-title":"Social and non-social cueing of visuospatial attention in autism and typical development","volume":"41","author":"Pruett","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-020-00397-4","article-title":"Common and unique multimodal covarying patterns in autism spectrum disorder subtypes","volume":"11","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Autism."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.564272","article-title":"Disrupted anti-correlation between the default and dorsal attention networks during hyperthermia exposure: an fMRI study","volume":"14","author":"Qian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.05.007","article-title":"Autism Spectrum disorder: classification, diagnosis and therapy","volume":"190","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102167","article-title":"Altered empathy-related resting-state functional connectivity in adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders","volume":"53","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2010.07.001","article-title":"Reduced thalamic volume observed across different subgroups of autism spectrum disorders","volume":"184","author":"Tamura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"03071","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202127103071","article-title":"Recurrence risk for autism Spectrum disorders: a baby siblings research consortium study","volume":"271","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00440","article-title":"Classifying autism Spectrum disorder using the temporal statistics of resting-state functional MRI data with 3D convolutional neural networks","volume":"11","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(02)00160-6","article-title":"Epilepsy in autism","volume":"1","author":"Tuchman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289464","article-title":"Some mathematical notes on three-mode factor analysis","volume":"31","author":"Tucker","year":"1966","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Vos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.02.029","article-title":"A voxel-based investigation of brain structure in male adolescents with autistic spectrum disorder","volume":"22","author":"Waiter","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200402000-00012","article-title":"Specifying PDD-NOS: a comparison of PDD-NOS, Asperger syndrome, and autism","volume":"43","author":"Walker","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1866-1955-5-24","article-title":"Resting state EEG abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9147","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102380","article-title":"Dysfunctional interactions between the default mode network and the dorsal attention network in subtypes of amnestic mild cognitive impairment","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2019.00017","article-title":"Resting-state brain network dysfunctions associated with Visuomotor impairments in autism Spectrum disorder","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31114","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31114","article-title":"Anatomical imbalance between cortical networks in autism","volume":"6","author":"Watanabe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68910","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068910","article-title":"BrainNet viewer: A network visualization tool for human brain Connectomics","volume":"8","author":"Xia","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-014-0698-3","article-title":"A connectome computation system for discovery science of brain","volume":"60","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.11.083","article-title":"Disrupted network integration and segregation involving the default mode network in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"323","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00463","article-title":"Resting-state time-varying analysis reveals aberrant variations of functional connectivity in autism","volume":"10","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00523","article-title":"Atypical brain structures as a function of gray matter volume (GMV) and gray matter density (GMD) in young adults relating to autism Spectrum traits","volume":"11","author":"Yaxu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2006.07.002","article-title":"Altered baseline brain activity in children with ADHD revealed by resting-state functional MRI","volume":"29","author":"Zang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain and Development"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S349247","article-title":"Abnormalities of gray matter volume and its correlation with clinical symptoms in adolescents with high-functioning autism Spectrum disorder","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2019.2946914","article-title":"Multitask feature learning meets robust tensor decomposition for EEG classification","volume":"51","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2008.04.012","article-title":"An improved approach to detection of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) for resting-state fMRI: fractional ALFF","volume":"172","author":"Zou","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2024.1440222\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T05:10:55Z","timestamp":1728018655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2024.1440222\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2024.1440222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2024.1440222","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]]},"article-number":"1440222"}}