{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:14:06Z","timestamp":1788480846851,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Melatonin (MLT) and its receptor deficiency have been shown to be associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a non-invasive alternative intervention for patients suffering from hyperglycemia. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of taVNS on blood glucose modulation via intestinal melatonin receptors (MRs) and MLT secretion in hyperglycemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adult male Zucker diabetes fatty (ZDF) rats and Zucker lean (ZL) littermates were used. Forty ZDF rats were randomized into ZDF, taVNS, Px\u2009+\u2009taVNS and Lu\u2009+\u2009Px\u2009+\u2009taVNS groups (Px: pinealectomy, Lu: Luzindole). ZL rats served as a control group for comparison with ZDF rats without involvement in the taVNS intervention. Thirty min-taVNS interventions (2\/15\u2009Hz, 2\u2009mA, 30\u2009min\/days) were administered once daily under anesthesia for 3 consecutive weeks in taVNS, Px\u2009+\u2009taVNS and Lu\u2009+\u2009Px\u2009+\u2009taVNS groups. Body weight and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were measured weekly in all rats, and real-time blood glucose was tested in the ZL and ZDF groups before, during and after the taVNS intervention. Plasma MLT concentration and the expression of MRs in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were measured by the end of experiments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with the ZL group, the level of FBG and body weight increased (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01), plasma MLT secretion and the expression of MRs in duodenum, jejunum and ileum of ZDF rats decreased obviously (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), respectively. TaVNS can significantly reverse the hyperglycemia by regulating the non-pineal-derived MLT and MRs system in Px\u2009+\u2009taVNS group. Compared with the ZDF group, the expression of different intestinal MRs in the taVNS group was increased and more compactly arranged (both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), the level of plasma MLT secretion was up-regulated (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01), and FBG and body weight were decreased (both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01). Meanwhile, after taVNS intervention in rats in the Px\u2009+\u2009taVNS group, we observed an increase in MLT secretion and the number of intestinal MRs compared with the taVNS group (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05). In contrast, ZDF rats in which the pineal gland was excised by taVNS intervention and injected with the MRs antagonist Luzindole did not show these changes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The glucose reduction effect of taVNS may be related to regulating MLT levels and expressing intestinal MRs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1471387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T06:11:51Z","timestamp":1730787111000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation modulates blood glucose in ZDF rats via intestinal melatonin receptors and melatonin secretion"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yuzhengheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningyi","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peijing","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00928.x","article-title":"Melatonin improves glucose homeostasis in Young Zucker diabetic fatty rats","volume":"52","author":"Agil","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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