{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:51:41Z","timestamp":1793123501676,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by developmental impairments, inattention, motor hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Currently, there is no effective intervention that can completely cure it. One of the pathogenic mechanisms of ADHD involves abnormalities in the norepinephrine (NE) pathway within the prefrontal cortex (PFC). In recent years, transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), a non-invasive neuromodulation technique, has demonstrated promising potential in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, its application in the management of ADHD remains relatively unexplored. Previous studies have shown that taVNS exerts therapeutic effects on attention, cognition, arousal, perception, and behavioral regulation primarily through activating the vagus nerve conduction pathway, specifically targeting the nucleus tractus solitarius - locus coeruleus - NE pathway. These findings have led to the hypothesis that taVNS may be an effective intervention for ADHD, with NE and its pathway playing a pivotal role in this context. Therefore, this review comprehensively examines the correlation between NE pathway alterations in the PFC and ADHD, the mechanism of action of taVNS, and the potential role of the NE pathway in treating ADHD with taVNS, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1494272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T06:46:04Z","timestamp":1733294764000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation as a potential therapy for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: modulation of the noradrenergic pathway in the prefrontal lobe"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jincao","family":"Zhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiling","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2021.107498","article-title":"Acute vagus nerve stimulation enhances reversal learning in rats.","volume":"184","author":"Altidor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2021.11.009","article-title":"Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on attention and working memory in neuropsychiatric disorders: A systematic review.","volume":"25","author":"Aniwattanapong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.10.133","article-title":"The use of \u03b1-2A adrenergic agonists for the treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"10","author":"Arnsten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.01.027","article-title":"Catecholamine influences on dorsolateral prefrontal cortical networks.","volume":"69","author":"Arnsten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"45","article-title":"Guanfacine for the treatment of cognitive disorders: A century of discoveries at Yale.","volume":"85","author":"Arnsten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.10.026","article-title":"The cognitive neuroscience of response inhibition: Relevance for genetic research in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"57","author":"Aron","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4897","DOI":"10.1113\/JP283605","article-title":"Properties and modulation of excitatory inputs to the locus coeruleus.","volume":"600","author":"Barcomb","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29080","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2015635117","article-title":"Differential attentional control mechanisms by two distinct noradrenergic coeruleo-frontal cortical pathways.","volume":"117","author":"Bari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.07.004","article-title":"Effects of concomitant stimulation of the GABAergic and norepinephrine system on inhibitory control - A study using transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation.","volume":"9","author":"Beste","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00523","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation may enhance only specific aspects of the core executive functions. A randomized crossover trial.","volume":"14","author":"Borges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118566","article-title":"Technical note: Modulation of fMRI brainstem responses by transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation.","volume":"244","author":"Borgmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12712","article-title":"Structural and functional connectivity in children and adolescents with and without attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"58","author":"Bos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2022.3699","article-title":"Laryngology outcomes following implantable vagus nerve stimulation.","volume":"149","author":"Brauer","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1417.007","article-title":"Neuronal mechanisms underlying attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: The influence of arousal on prefrontal cortical function.","volume":"1129","author":"Brennan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00933","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation and disorders of consciousness: A hypothesis for mechanisms of action.","volume":"11","author":"Briand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00332-2","article-title":"ADHD medication discontinuation and persistence across the lifespan: A retrospective observational study using population-based databases.","volume":"11","author":"Brikell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.11.011","article-title":"Vagal nerve stimulation as a promising tool in the improvement of cognitive disorders.","volume":"155","author":"Broncel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13122","article-title":"The anatomical basis for transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation.","volume":"236","author":"Butt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.02.071","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex.","volume":"32","author":"Chafee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021402","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation facilitates cortical arousal and alertness.","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2023-101176","article-title":"Modulatory effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on attentional processes.","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Gen. Psychiatr."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.02.049","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation induces widespread cortical and behavioral activation.","volume":"31","author":"Collins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2009.11.016","article-title":"Reduced activation and inter-regional functional connectivity of fronto-striatal networks in adults with childhood Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and persisting symptoms during tasks of motor inhibition and cognitive switching.","volume":"44","author":"Cubillo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-36-79","article-title":"The neurobiological basis of ADHD.","volume":"36","author":"Curatolo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2008.06.003","article-title":"The neurobiology of attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"13","author":"Curatolo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.11.012","article-title":"Short bursts of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation enhance evoked pupil dilation as a function of stimulation parameters.","volume":"159","author":"D\u2019Agostini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.02.036","article-title":"The roles of dopamine and noradrenaline in the pathophysiology and treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"69","author":"Del Campo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01285-8","article-title":"Genome-wide analyses of ADHD identify 27 risk loci, refine the genetic architecture and implicate several cognitive domains.","volume":"55","author":"Demontis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136962","article-title":"Association between ADHD symptoms and inhibition-related brain activity using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).","volume":"792","author":"Dos Santos Afonso Junior","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12091137","article-title":"Acute vagus nerve stimulation facilitates short term memory and cognitive flexibility in rats.","volume":"12","author":"Driskill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.389365","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation in cerebral stroke: Biological mechanisms, therapeutic modalities, clinical applications, and future directions.","volume":"19","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.07.037","article-title":"Differentiating frontostriatal and fronto-cerebellar circuits in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"69","author":"Durston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000576","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation.","volume":"36","author":"Ellrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022","article-title":"The world federation of ADHD international consensus statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder.","volume":"128","author":"Faraone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00495-0","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"10","author":"Faraone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.08.012","article-title":"The executive control network and symptomatic improvement in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"73","author":"Francx","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2024.2313123","article-title":"Clinical application of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation: A scoping review.","author":"Gerges","year":"2024","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2006.03.008","article-title":"Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on creativity and cognitive flexibility.","volume":"8","author":"Ghacibeh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.09.009","article-title":"Evidence for a modulating effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on salivary alpha-amylase as indirect noradrenergic marker: A pooled mega-analysis.","volume":"15","author":"Giraudier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.01.004","article-title":"Vagal nerve stimulation: A review of its applications and potential mechanisms that mediate its clinical effects.","volume":"29","author":"Groves","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.4.560","article-title":"Revisiting the role of the prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"132","author":"Halperin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/s0079-6123(08)63818-2","article-title":"Noradrenergic and locus coeruleus modulation of the perforant path-evoked potential in rat dentate gyrus supports a role for the locus coeruleus in attentional and memorial processes.","volume":"88","author":"Harley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63327-9.00010-2","article-title":"Targeting plasticity with vagus nerve stimulation to treat neurological disease.","volume":"207","author":"Hays","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2022.103038","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation - A brief introduction and overview.","volume":"243","author":"Hilz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.12.005","article-title":"Parametric characterization of neural activity in the locus coeruleus in response to vagus nerve stimulation.","volume":"289","author":"Hulsey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.06.016","article-title":"Stress and inflammation target dorsolateral prefrontal cortex function: Neural mechanisms underlying weakened cognitive control.","author":"Joyce","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00854","article-title":"Current directions in the auricular vagus nerve stimulation I - A physiological perspective.","volume":"13","author":"Kaniusas","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00772","article-title":"Current directions in the auricular vagus nerve stimulation II - An engineering perspective.","volume":"13","author":"Kaniusas","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25864-1","article-title":"Safety of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS): A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172300315X","article-title":"Intergenerational transmission of ADHD behaviors: Genetic and environmental pathways.","volume":"54","author":"Kleppesto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.06.006","article-title":"Non-invasive cervical vagus nerve stimulation effects on reaction time and valence image anticipation response.","volume":"15","author":"Lerman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670802607238","article-title":"Dopamine vs. noradrenaline: Inverted-U effects and ADHD theories.","volume":"43","author":"Levy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust. N.Z.J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450013348155","article-title":"Working memory in ADHD: Prefrontal\/parietal connections.","volume":"2","author":"Levy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.0851","article-title":"ADHD pharmacotherapy and mortality in individuals with ADHD.","volume":"331","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2021.10.021","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation vs. citalopram for major depressive disorder: A randomized trial.","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231154902","article-title":"Functional near-infrared spectroscopy evidence of prefrontal regulation of cognitive flexibility in adults with ADHD.","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145709991131","article-title":"Locus coeruleus stimulation and noradrenergic modulation of hippocampo-prefrontal cortex long-term potentiation.","volume":"13","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.03.005","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for post-stroke depression: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"354","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102900","article-title":"Current challenges in reliably targeting the noradrenergic locus coeruleus using transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS).","volume":"236","author":"Ludwig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2022.07.014","article-title":"Role of the locus coeruleus and basal forebrain in arousal and attention.","volume":"188","author":"Maness","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145712000387","article-title":"Electrophysiological and neurochemical effects of long-term vagus nerve stimulation on the rat monoaminergic systems.","volume":"16","author":"Manta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(24)00010-5","article-title":"Why are females less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD in childhood than males?","volume":"11","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107940","article-title":"Evidence-based pharmacological treatment options for ADHD in children and adolescents.","volume":"230","author":"Mechler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102662","article-title":"Neural basis of working memory in ADHD: Load versus complexity.","volume":"30","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.031088.113","article-title":"\u03b2-Adrenergic receptor signaling and modulation of long-term potentiation in the mammalian hippocampus.","volume":"22","author":"O\u2019Dell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14395","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation improves working memory in temporal lobe epilepsy: A randomized double-blind study.","volume":"30","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.581098","article-title":"\u03b11-Adrenergic receptors in neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and cognition.","volume":"11","author":"Perez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7931","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3450-13.2014","article-title":"Too little and too much: Hypoactivation and disinhibition of medial prefrontal cortex cause attentional deficits.","volume":"34","author":"Pezze","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2006.11.006","article-title":"Adrenergic pharmacology and cognition: Focus on the prefrontal cortex.","volume":"113","author":"Ramos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000735","article-title":"The effects of transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation on cognition in healthy individuals: A meta-analysis.","volume":"35","author":"Ridgewell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1582","article-title":"Attention: The grounds of self-regulated cognition.","volume":"14","author":"Rueda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-023-01456-1","article-title":"The global prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"49","author":"Salari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1974.01760180079010","article-title":"Pathophysiology of the hyperactive child syndrome.","volume":"31","author":"Satterfield","year":"1974","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26588","article-title":"Molecular signatures of attention networks.","volume":"45","author":"Schindler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.03.011","article-title":"Stimulus frequency modulates brainstem response to respiratory-gated transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation.","volume":"13","author":"Sclocco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.04.031","article-title":"Dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex volumetric abnormalities in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder identified by magnetic resonance imaging.","volume":"60","author":"Seidman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707741104","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation.","volume":"104","author":"Shaw","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.01.031","article-title":"Development of cortical surface area and gyrification in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"72","author":"Shaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.06.021","article-title":"Cortical control of behavior and attention from an evolutionary perspective.","volume":"109","author":"Sherman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2009.12.013","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex: Disorders and development.","volume":"49","author":"Stevens","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1210000","article-title":"The use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in tracking neurodevelopmental trajectories in infants and children with or without developmental disorders: A systematic review.","volume":"14","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2003.09.015","article-title":"What the rodent prefrontal cortex can teach us about attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: The critical role of early developmental events on prefrontal function.","volume":"146","author":"Sullivan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.01.035","article-title":"Immediate modulatory effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on the resting state of major depressive disorder.","volume":"325","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.790793","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation improves spatial working memory in healthy young adults.","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.2859","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder medications and work disability and mental health outcomes.","volume":"7","author":"Taipale","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.05.048","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"337","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.04.002","article-title":"Does vibrotactile stimulation of the auricular vagus nerve enhance working memory? A behavioral and physiological investigation.","volume":"17","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00238-X","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"387","author":"Thapar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-023-02235-3","article-title":"The stability and persistence of symptoms in childhood-onset ADHD.","volume":"33","author":"Van Meter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05370-w","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for ADHD in children and adolescents: A summary and overview of different European guidelines.","volume":"183","author":"Van Vyve","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-023-02176-x","article-title":"Methylphenidate dose-response in children with ADHD: Evidence from a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled titration trial.","volume":"33","author":"Vertessen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110659","article-title":"Prefrontal pyramidal neurons are critical for all phases of working memory.","volume":"39","author":"Vogel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1286267","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of disorders of consciousness: Mechanisms and applications.","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.09.003","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A double blinded randomized clinical trial.","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03449-1","article-title":"The neural and genetic underpinnings of different developmental trajectories of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Symptoms in children and adolescents.","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1274432","article-title":"Current status and prospect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for disorders of consciousness.","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6306","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0452-23.2023","article-title":"Phasic, event-related transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation modifies behavioral, pupillary, and low-frequency oscillatory power responses.","volume":"43","author":"Wienke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20665","article-title":"Regional brain activation changes and abnormal functional connectivity of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during working memory processing in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"30","author":"Wolf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12541","article-title":"Optimization of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation using functional MRI.","volume":"20","author":"Yakunina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01092-3","article-title":"Mechanisms of synaptic transmission dysregulation in the prefrontal cortex: Pathophysiological implications.","volume":"27","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-023-01353-9","article-title":"Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (ta-VNS) for treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial.","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2023.02.041","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of implanted and non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation on heroin-induced anxiety.","volume":"652","author":"Yue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3889","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14309","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation improves gait and cortical activity in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A pilot randomized study.","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2024.05.005","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy.","volume":"119","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2022.114247","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus stimulation (taVNS) improves human working memory performance under sleep deprivation stress.","volume":"439","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1133893","article-title":"Transauricular vagus nerve stimulation for patients with disorders of consciousness: A randomized controlled clinical trial.","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1133727","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of various physical exercise interventions on executive functions and related symptoms in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2024.100462","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation enhanced emotional inhibitory control via increasing intrinsic prefrontal couplings.","volume":"24","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4993","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000001592","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation as a novel therapy connecting the central and peripheral systems: A review.","volume":"110","author":"Zou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2024.1494272\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T06:46:07Z","timestamp":1733294767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2024.1494272\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"references-count":109,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2024.1494272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2024.1494272","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"article-number":"1494272"}}