{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:55:16Z","timestamp":1780570516671,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD-MCI) as an independent risk factor for dementia in Parkinson\u2019s disease has prognostic value in predicting dementia in PD patients. It was found that the calculation of cognitive function decision-making could better evaluate the cognitive function of PD-MCI. Therefore, this study explored deficits in decision-making cognitive function in PD-MCI population, and mined novel digital biomarkers for recognizing early cognitive decline in PD-MCI through an independently designed maze decision-making digital assessment paradigm. This study included 30 healthy controls 37 PD with normal cognition (PD-NC) and 40 PD-MCI patients. Through difference comparison and stepwise regression analysis, two digital decision-making biomarkers, total decision time and performance average acceleration, were screened, and their joint area under curve for the ability to discriminate between PD-MCI and PD-NC was 0.909, and for the ability to discriminate between PD-MCI and NC was 0.942. In addition, it was found that maze digital decision-making biomarkers had greater early warning efficacy in men than in women. Unlike traditional methods, this study used digital dynamic assessment to reveal possible decision-making cognitive deficits in the PD-MCI populations, which provides new ideas for effective screening for PD-MCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1495975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T07:35:12Z","timestamp":1736235312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A study on the exploration of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease based on decision-making cognitive computing"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Shouqiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiakang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuwu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huangqin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongzhou","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhe","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14030278","article-title":"Cognitive, emotional, and daily functioning domains involved in decision-making among patients with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review.","volume":"14","author":"Alfeo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27902","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical aspects of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis.","volume":"35","author":"Baiano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2021.03.022","article-title":"How to generate perfect mazes?","volume":"572","author":"Bellot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inform. Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba1394","article-title":"Unmasking selective path integration deficits in Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk carriers.","volume":"6","author":"Bierbrauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2023.105316","article-title":"Classification and staging of Parkinson\u2019s disease using video-based eye tracking.","volume":"110","author":"Brien","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parkins. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.06.025","article-title":"Medial prefrontal cortex lesions disrupt prepotent action selection signals in dorsomedial striatum.","volume":"32","author":"Brockett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.5.938","article-title":"Individual differences in adult decision-making competence.","volume":"92","author":"Bruine de Bruin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(18)30143-1","article-title":"How do we fix the shortage of neurologists?","volume":"17","author":"Burton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01598-3","article-title":"The dynamic state of a prefrontal-hypothalamic-midbrain circuit commands behavioral transitions.","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-012-0312-5","article-title":"Trends and issues in characterizing early cognitive changes in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"12","author":"Claassen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12101335","article-title":"Executive functions in decision making under ambiguity and risk in healthy adults: a scoping review adopting the hot and cold executive functions perspective.","volume":"12","author":"Colautti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2022.02.006","article-title":"Neuroimaging outcomes associated with mild cognitive impairment subtypes in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review.","volume":"95","author":"Devignes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parkins. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01132-0","article-title":"The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function.","volume":"47","author":"Friedman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09197-0","article-title":"Subjective cognitive decline and progression to dementia in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a long-term follow-up study.","volume":"266","author":"Galtier","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.148","article-title":"Decision-making cognition in neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"6","author":"Gleichgerrcht","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-021-00301-7","article-title":"Clinical implications for dopaminergic and functional neuroimage research in cognitive symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"27","author":"Hirano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.3.181","article-title":"Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases.","volume":"55","author":"Hughes","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14789","article-title":"Prediction of cognitive decline in Parkinson\u2019s disease based on MRI radiomics and clinical features: a multicenter study.","volume":"30","author":"Jian","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21865","article-title":"Decision making in Parkinson\u2019s disease: analysis of behavioral and physiological patterns in the Iowa gambling task.","volume":"23","author":"Kobayakawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07088-7","article-title":"Synaptic wiring motifs in posterior parietal cortex support decision-making.","volume":"627","author":"Kuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.01.002.2010","article-title":"A novel analytic measure for the water maze utilizing the concept of entropy.","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/s0028-3932(01)00205-6","article-title":"Spatial behaviour is driven by proximal cues even in mildly impaired Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"40","author":"Leplow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2495330","article-title":"Exploratory research on key technology of human-computer interactive 2.5-minute fast digital early warning for mild cognitive impairment.","volume":"2022","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2007.04616.x","article-title":"Oestrogen and nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration: animal models and clinical reports of Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.118060","article-title":"Fist-Edge-Palm (FEP) test has a high sensitivity in differentiating dementia from normal cognition in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"429","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12605","article-title":"The six-item clock-drawing scoring system: a rapid screening for cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"21","author":"Lolekha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22170","article-title":"Medical decision-making capacity in cognitively impaired Parkinson\u2019s disease patients without dementia.","volume":"23","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.06.017","article-title":"Impaired financial abilities in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia.","volume":"19","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parkins. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B29","first-page":"213","article-title":"The complexity and difficulty of a maze","author":"McClendon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference of Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music, and Science"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23388","article-title":"Gender differences in Parkinson\u2019s disease: clinical characteristics and cognition.","volume":"25","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8800-4","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: the Parkinson\u2019s disease cognitive study (PACOS).","volume":"265","author":"Monastero","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00087","article-title":"Development and evaluation of maze-like puzzle games to assess cognitive and motor function in aging and neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"12","author":"Nef","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13766","article-title":"Characterizing mild cognitive impairment in prodromal Parkinson\u2019s disease: a community-based study in China.","volume":"28","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.11.047","article-title":"Circuit mechanisms of navigation strategy learning in mice.","volume":"34","author":"Parrini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2021.02.010","article-title":"The versatile wayfinder: prefrontal contributions to spatial navigation.","volume":"25","author":"Patai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000003634","article-title":"Natural course of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease: a 5-year population-based study.","volume":"88","author":"Pedersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.05.039","article-title":"Patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease show impaired use of priors in conditions of sensory uncertainty.","volume":"26","author":"Perugini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2018.04.006","article-title":"Paradoxical decision-making: a framework for understanding cognition in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"41","author":"Perugini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2022.111852","article-title":"Spatial navigation in older adults with mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"165","author":"Pl\u00e1cido","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02440-2","article-title":"Wearable movement-tracking data identify Parkinson\u2019s disease years before clinical diagnosis.","volume":"29","author":"Schalkamp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01386","article-title":"Among three different executive functions, general executive control ability is a key predictor of decision making under objective risk.","volume":"5","author":"Schiebener","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.12.020","article-title":"Spatial learning deficits in Parkinson\u2019s disease with and without mild cognitive impairment.","volume":"36","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parkins. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.047","article-title":"Decision making as a window on cognition.","volume":"80","author":"Shadlen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhae217","article-title":"Continuous decision to wait for a future reward is guided by fronto-hippocampal anticipatory dynamics.","volume":"34","author":"Shintaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf4275","article-title":"No neuron is an island.","volume":"378","author":"Stern","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq2591","article-title":"The emergent properties of the connected brain.","volume":"378","author":"Thiebaut de Schotten","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-014-9272-7","article-title":"Behavior at the choice point: decision making in hidden pathway maze learning.","volume":"24","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22784","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49382-w","article-title":"Development and implementation of the frog-inmaze game to study upper limb movement in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Virmani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(21)00330-6","article-title":"The neuropsychiatry of Parkinson\u2019s disease: advances and challenges.","volume":"21","author":"Weintraub","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npjparkd.2015.27","article-title":"Different PD-MCI criteria and risk of dementia in Parkinson\u2019s disease: 4-year longitudinal study.","volume":"2","author":"Wood","year":"2016","journal-title":"NPJ Parkins. Dis."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.01.002","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease is associated with Default Mode Network subsystem connectivity and cerebrospinal fluid A\u03b2.","volume":"83","author":"Zarifkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parkins. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2003.97.3.917","article-title":"Quantification of human spatial behavior in an open field-locomotor maze.","volume":"97","author":"Zeng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118760","article-title":"Intrinsic connectivity of left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex predicts individual differences in controlled semantic retrieval.","volume":"246","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2024.1495975\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T07:35:16Z","timestamp":1736235316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2024.1495975\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2024.1495975"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2024.1495975","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"article-number":"1495975"}}