{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:11:03Z","timestamp":1753891863023,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In our previous study, early-blind individuals have better speech recognition than sighted individuals, even when the spectral cue was degraded using noise-vocoders. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of temporal envelope degradation and temporal fine structure (TFS) degradation on vocoded speech recognition and cortical auditory response in early blind individuals compared to sighted individuals. The study included 20 early-blind subjects (31.20 \u00b1 42.5 years, M: F = 11:9), and 20 age- and -sex-matched sighted subjects. Monosyllabic words were processed using the Hilbert transform to separate the envelope and TFS, generating vocoders that included only one of these components. The amplitude modulation (AM) vocoder, which contained only the envelope component, had the low-pass filter's cutoff frequency for AM extraction set at 16, 50, and 500 Hz to control the amount of AM cue. The frequency modulation (FM) vocoders, which contained only the TFS component, were adjusted to include FM cues at 50%, 75%, and 100% by modulating the noise level. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed that early-blind subjects outperforming sighted subjects across almost all AM or FM-vocoded conditions (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01). Speech recognition in early-blind subjects declined more with increasing TFS degradation, as evidenced by a significant interaction between group and the degree of TFS degradation (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.016). We also analyzed neural responses based on the semantic oddball paradigm using the N2 and P3b components, which occur 200\u2013300 ms and 250\u2013800 ms after stimulus onset, respectively. Significant correlations were observed between N2 and P3b amplitude\/latency and behavioral accuracy (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). This suggests that early-blind subjects may develop enhanced neural processing strategies for temporal cues. In particular, preserving TFS cues is considered important for the auditory rehabilitation of individuals with visual or auditory impairments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1493641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T13:15:48Z","timestamp":1746191748000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neural adaptations to temporal cues degradation in early blind: insights from envelope and fine structure vocoding"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Hyo Jung","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeong-Sug","family":"Kyong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong Ho","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun Joon","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840541","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.840541","article-title":"Enhanced dichotic listening and temporal sequencing ability in early-blind individuals","volume":"13","author":"Bae","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00161","article-title":"Changes in speech-related brain activity during adaptation to electro-acoustic hearing","volume":"11","author":"Balkenhol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1293","article-title":"Temporal plasticity in the primary auditory cortex induced by operant perceptual learning","volume":"7","author":"Bao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2715-y","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging shows white matter tracts between human auditory and visual cortex","volume":"213","author":"Beer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.16.1.5","article-title":"Discrimination of speech sound contrasts determined with behavioral tests and event-related potentials in cochlear implant recipients","volume":"16","author":"Beynon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1590\/S1808-86942011000400015","article-title":"Auditory processing performance in blind people","volume":"77","author":"Boas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2317152121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2317152121","article-title":"Individual differences elucidate the perceptual benefits associated with robust temporal fine-structure processing","volume":"122","author":"Borjigin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0378-21.2022","article-title":"Individualized assays of temporal coding in the ascending human auditory system","author":"Borjigin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eneuro"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37821-y","article-title":"Stronger responses in the visual cortex of sighted compared to blind individuals during auditory space representation","volume":"9","author":"Campus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.01.003","article-title":"Subcortical auditory input to the primary visual cortex in anophthalmic mice","volume":"433","author":"Chabot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0528-23.2024","article-title":"The impact of spectral and temporal degradation on vocoded speech recognition in early-blind individuals","author":"Choi","year":"","journal-title":"Eneuro"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368641","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1368641","article-title":"Effect of spectral degradation on speech intelligibility and cortical representation","volume":"18","author":"Choi","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt176","article-title":"Impact of blindness onset on the functional organization and the connectivity of the occipital cortex","volume":"136","author":"Collignon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4435","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1013928108","article-title":"Functional specialization for auditory-spatial processing in the occipital cortex of congenitally blind humans","volume":"108","author":"Collignon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.134.2.222","article-title":"Lexical information drives perceptual learning of distorted speech: evidence from the comprehension of noise-vocoded sentences","volume":"134","author":"Davis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1991.tb00411.x","article-title":"The relationship between N2 and N400: Scalp distribution, stimulus probability, and task relevance","volume":"28","author":"Deacon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis","volume":"134","author":"Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-14-74","article-title":"Ultra-fast speech comprehension in blind subjects engages primary visual cortex, fusiform gyrus, and pulvinar-a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study","volume":"14","author":"Dietrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1121\/1.408467","article-title":"Effect of temporal envelope smearing on speech reception","volume":"95","author":"Drullman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00490.2001","article-title":"Temporal modulation transfer functions in cat primary auditory cortex: separating stimulus effects from neural mechanisms","volume":"87","author":"Eggermont","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht083","article-title":"The pathways for intelligible speech: multivariate and univariate perspectives","volume":"24","author":"Evans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cereb. Cort."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4754432","article-title":"Comparing live to recorded speech in training the perception of spectrally shifted noise-vocoded speech","author":"Faulkner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.05.019","article-title":"On the relationship between auditory cognition and speech intelligibility in cochlear implant users: an ERP study","volume":"87","author":"Finke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2007.00602.x","article-title":"Influence of cognitive control and mismatch on the N2 component of the ERP: a review","volume":"45","author":"Folstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(90)90170-T","article-title":"Derivation of auditory filter shapes from notched-noise data","volume":"47","author":"Glasberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4023","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3126344","article-title":"Effects of spectral smearing and temporal fine structure degradation on speech masking release","volume":"125","author":"Gnansia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24931","article-title":"Temporal cues trick the visual and auditory cortices mimicking spatial cues in blind individuals","volume":"41","author":"Gori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.06.027","article-title":"Voice perception in blind persons: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"47","author":"Gougoux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-70622-6_13","author":"Haggard","year":"1984"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2011.05.017","article-title":"Impaired perception of temporal fine structure and musical timbre in cochlear implant users","volume":"280","author":"Heng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1159\/000153434","article-title":"Cortical neural activity underlying speech perception in postlingual adult cochlear implant recipients","volume":"14","author":"Henkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurotol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1159\/000371602","article-title":"Neural correlates of auditory-cognitive processing in older adult cochlear implant recipients","volume":"19","author":"Henkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurotol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00530","article-title":"How can audiovisual pathways enhance the temporal resolution of time-compressed speech in blind subjects?","volume":"4","author":"Hertrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B34","first-page":"8","article-title":"\u201cGrundz\u00fcge einer allgemeinen Theorie der linearen Integralgleichungen,\u201d","volume-title":"Integralgleichungen und Gleichungen mit unendlich vielen Unbekannten","author":"Hilbert","year":"1912"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2749457","article-title":"Moderate cochlear hearing loss leads to a reduced ability to use temporal fine structure information","volume":"122","author":"Hopkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2824018","article-title":"Effects of moderate cochlear hearing loss on the ability to benefit from temporal fine structure information in speech","volume":"123","author":"Hopkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1121\/1.399297","article-title":"Pitch identification and discrimination for complex tones with many harmonics","volume":"87","author":"Houtsma","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(00)00026-5","article-title":"Independent component analysis: algorithms and applications","volume":"13","author":"Hyv\u00e4rinen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.06.055","article-title":"Early blindness results in abnormal corticocortical and thalamocortical connections","volume":"142","author":"Karlen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B40","first-page":"3","article-title":"The ten-twenty electrode system of the international federation. The international federation of clinical neurophysiology","volume":"52","author":"Klem","year":"1999","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200002280-00024","article-title":"Brain functional reorganization in early blind humans revealed by auditory event-related potentials","volume":"11","author":"Leclerc","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18866","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607364103","article-title":"Speech perception problems of the hearing impaired reflect inability to use temporal fine structure","volume":"103","author":"Lorenzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"volume-title":"An Introduction to the Event-Related Potential Technique","year":"2014","author":"Luck","key":"B43"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10979","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.20.10979","article-title":"Blind separation of auditory event-related brain responses into independent components","volume":"94","author":"Makeig","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13060371","article-title":"Effects of temporal processing on speech-in-noise perception in middle-aged adults","volume":"13","author":"McFarlane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-012-0354-z","article-title":"Temporal processing in the auditory system: insights from cochlear and auditory midbrain implantees","volume":"14","author":"McKay","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07795.x","article-title":"Long-term exposure to music enhances the sensitivity of the auditory system in children","volume":"34","author":"Meyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12145","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1025-14.2014","article-title":"Optimal combination of neural temporal envelope and fine structure cues to explain speech identification in background noise","volume":"34","author":"Moon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1913640","article-title":"Frequency difference limens for short-duration tones","volume":"54","author":"Moore","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-008-0143-x","article-title":"The role of temporal fine structure processing in pitch perception, masking, and speech perception for normal-hearing and hearing-impaired people","volume":"9","author":"Moore","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2006.08.007","article-title":"Frequency discrimination of complex tones by hearing-impaired subjects: evidence for loss of ability to use temporal fine structure","volume":"222","author":"Moore","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"first-page":"677","year":"2007","author":"Moos","key":"B52"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3109\/01050399109070785","article-title":"Central auditory skills in blind and sighted subjects","volume":"20","author":"Muchnik","year":"1991","journal-title":"Scand. Audiol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869","article-title":"FieldTrip: open source software for advanced analysis of MEG, EEG, and invasive electrophysiological data","volume":"2011","author":"Oostenveld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comp. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1177\/1084713808325881","article-title":"Pitch perception and auditory stream segregation: implications for hearing loss and cochlear implants","volume":"12","author":"Oxenham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Amp."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3021299","article-title":"Masking release for low-and high-pass-filtered speech in the presence of noise and single-talker interference","volume":"125","author":"Oxenham","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00320","article-title":"Neural oscillations carry speech rhythm through to comprehension","volume":"3","author":"Peelle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.12.053","article-title":"State-dependent modulation of functional connectivity in early blind individuals","volume":"147","author":"Pelland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90180-6","article-title":"Spherical splines for scalp potential and current density mapping","volume":"72","author":"Perrin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Electroencephalogra. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2008.11.001","article-title":"Statistical detection and analysis of mismatch negativity derived by a multi-deviant design from normal hearing children","volume":"247","author":"Petermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aud.0000179689.79868.06","article-title":"Effects of envelope-vocoder processing on F0 discrimination and concurrent-vowel identification","volume":"26","author":"Qin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-2007-253413","article-title":"Congenitally blind humans use different stimulus selection strategies in hearing: an ERP study of spatial and temporal attention","volume":"25","author":"R\u00f6der","year":"2007","journal-title":"Restorat. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3740473","article-title":"Electrophysiological estimates of the time course of semantic and phonological encoding during implicit picture naming","volume":"37","author":"Schmitt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s003590050147","article-title":"Periodicity coding in the primary auditory cortex of the Mongolian gerbil (Merionesunguiculatus): two different coding strategies for pitch and rhythm?","volume":"181","author":"Schulze","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5234.303","article-title":"Speech recognition with primarily temporal cues","volume":"270","author":"Shannon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01200","article-title":"Influence of visual deprivation on auditory spectral resolution, temporal resolution, and speech perception","volume":"13","author":"Shim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/416087a","article-title":"Chimaeric sounds reveal dichotomies in auditory perception","volume":"416","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31640","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.31640","article-title":"Neuronal populations in the occipital cortex of the blind synchronize to the temporal dynamics of speech","volume":"7","author":"Van Ackeren","year":"2018","journal-title":"elife"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929041502670","article-title":"The influence of semantic and syntactic context constraints on lexical selection and integration in spoken-word comprehension as revealed by ERPs","volume":"16","author":"Van den Brink","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cognit. Neurosci."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000103","article-title":"Early visual deprivation severely compromises the auditory sense of space in congenitally blind children","volume":"52","author":"Vercillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1159\/000529485","article-title":"Event-related potentials of single-sided deaf cochlear implant users: using a semantic oddball paradigm in noise","volume":"28","author":"Voola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurotol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr311","article-title":"Occipital cortical thickness predicts performance on pitch and musical tasks in blind individuals","volume":"22","author":"Voss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0129710","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129710","article-title":"The role of temporal envelope and fine structure in Mandarin lexical tone perception in auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2005.08.002","article-title":"Auditory gap detection in the early blind","volume":"211","author":"Weaver","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1623786","article-title":"Relative importance of temporal envelope and fine structure in lexical-tone perception (L)","volume":"114","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.64.2.465","article-title":"Interaural time sensitivity in medial superior olive of cat","volume":"64","author":"Yin","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1493641\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T13:15:49Z","timestamp":1746191749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1493641\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2025.1493641"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1493641","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1662-453X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"article-number":"1493641"}}