{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T02:11:16Z","timestamp":1793412676208,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psilocybin is a hallucinogen with complex neurobiological and behavioral effects. This is the first study to use MRI to follow functional changes in brain activity in response to different doses of psilocybin in fully awake, drug naive rats. We hypothesized that psilocybin would show a dose-dependent increase in activity in the prefrontal cortex and thalamus, while decreasing hippocampal activity. Female and male rats were given IP injections of vehicle or psilocybin in doses of 0.03\u202fmg\/kg, 0.3\u202fmg\/kg, and 3.0\u202fmg\/kg while fully awake during the imaging session. These levels were validated by measuring psilocybin and its metabolite, psilocin. Changes in BOLD signal were recorded over a 20\u202fmin window. Data for resting state functional connectivity were collected approximately 35\u202fmin post injection. All data were registered to rat 3D MRI atlas with 169 brain areas providing site-specific changes in global brain activity and changes in functional connectivity. Treatment with psilocybin resulted in a significant dose-dependent increase in positive BOLD signal. The areas most affected by the acute presentation of psilocybin were the somatosensory cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus. Males and females showed different sensitivity to psilocybin dose, with females exhibiting greater activation than males at 0.3\u202fmg\/kg, especially in thalamic and basal ganglia regions. There was a significant dose-dependent global increase in functional connectivity, highlighted by hyperconnectivity to the cerebellum. Brain areas hypothesized to be involved in loss of sensory filtering and organization of sensory motor stimuli, such as the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit and the claustrum, showed increased activation at higher doses of psilocybin. Indeed, the general neuroanatomical circuitry associated with the psychedelic experience was affected but the direction of the BOLD signal and pattern of activity between neural networks was inconsistent with the human literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1554049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:14:57Z","timestamp":1746058497000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Dose-dependent changes in global brain activity and functional connectivity following exposure to psilocybin: a BOLD MRI study in awake rats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Evan","family":"Fuini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnold","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taufiq","family":"Nasseef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josh","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Latta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor J.","family":"Woodward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryce","family":"Axe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwath","family":"Maheswari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Cavallaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather B.","family":"Bradshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen P.","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig F.","family":"Ferris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-016-0815-8","article-title":"Consensus paper: cerebellum and emotion","volume":"16","author":"Adamaszek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02360-0","article-title":"Psychedelics for acquired brain injury: a review of molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"29","author":"Allen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074633","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1074633","article-title":"Psilocybin sex-dependently reduces alcohol consumption in C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"13","author":"Alper","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.01.003","article-title":"The role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia","volume":"64","author":"Andreasen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12111380","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the current status of the cellular neurobiology of psychedelics","volume":"12","author":"Banushi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116980","article-title":"Psilocybin acutely alters the functional connectivity of the claustrum with brain networks that support perception, memory, and attention","volume":"218","author":"Barrett","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref7","author":"Bastian","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00810-2","article-title":"5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptors regulate sympathetic nerves constricting the cutaneous vascular bed in rabbits and rats","volume":"117","author":"Blessing","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2728-0_3","article-title":"Measuring the content of endocannabinoid-like compounds in biological fluids: a critical overview of sample preparation methodologies","volume":"2576","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196786","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1196786","article-title":"Dose-dependent effects of GAT107, a novel allosteric agonist-positive allosteric modulator (ago-PAM) for the alpha7 nicotinic cholinergic receptor: a BOLD phMRI and connectivity study on awake rats","volume":"17","author":"Brems","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1914017117","article-title":"Imaging the effect of the circadian light-dark cycle on the glymphatic system in awake rats","volume":"117","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1119598109","article-title":"Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin","volume":"109","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs117","article-title":"Functional connectivity measures after psilocybin inform a novel hypothesis of early psychosis","volume":"39","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00020","article-title":"The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs","volume":"8","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.103309","article-title":"Implications for psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: functional magnetic resonance imaging study with psilocybin","volume":"200","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2001.19810037.x","article-title":"Cerebellar connections to the dorsomedial and posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus in the rat","volume":"198","author":"Cavdar","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13169","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.13169","article-title":"Changes in brain structure and function following chronic exposure to inhaled vaporised cannabis during periadolescence in female and male mice: a multimodal MRI study","volume":"27","author":"Coleman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2025.111251","article-title":"Neurobiological mechanisms of antidepressant properties of psilocybin: a systematic review of blood biomarkers","volume":"136","author":"Constantino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1963.tb01302.x","article-title":"A method for assessing the effects of drugs on the central actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine","volume":"20","author":"Corne","year":"1963","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2016.1220834","article-title":"Psilocybin for treating substance use disorders?","volume":"17","author":"de Veen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"8480","article-title":"Exposure to methylphenidate during peri-adolescence decouples the prefrontal cortex: a multimodal MRI study","volume":"13","author":"Demaree","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02414-5","article-title":"Sex-specific effects of psychedelic drug exposure on central amygdala reactivity and behavioral responding","volume":"13","author":"Effinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854377","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.854377","article-title":"Applications in awake animal magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"16","author":"Ferris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.1037","article-title":"Thresholding of statistical maps in functional neuroimaging using the false discovery rate","volume":"15","author":"Genovese","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcae194","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcae194","article-title":"Dose-dependent LSD effects on cortical\/thalamic and cerebellar activity: brain oxygen level-dependent fMRI study in awake rats","volume":"6","author":"Ghaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16325-w","article-title":"Psilocybin reduces low frequency oscillatory power and neuronal phase-locking in the anterior cingulate cortex of awake rodents","volume":"12","author":"Golden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.01.008","article-title":"Hallucinogens recruit specific cortical 5-HT(2A) receptor-mediated signaling pathways to affect behavior","volume":"53","author":"Gonzalez-Maeso","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206443","article-title":"Single-dose psilocybin for a treatment-resistant episode of major depression","volume":"387","author":"Goodwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(98)00089-X","article-title":"Neurometabolic effects of psilocybin, 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE) and d-methamphetamine in healthy volunteers. A double-blind, placebo-controlled PET study with [18F]FDG","volume":"20","author":"Gouzoulis-Mayfrank","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s002100100424","article-title":"Effects of the cannabimimetic fatty acid derivatives 2-arachidonoylglycerol, anandamide, palmitoylethanolamide and methanandamide upon IgE-dependent antigen-induced beta-hexosaminidase, serotonin and TNF alpha release from rat RBL-2H3 basophilic leukaemic cells","volume":"364","author":"Granberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116675513","article-title":"Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized double-blind trial","volume":"30","author":"Griffiths","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1159\/000121317","article-title":"Hypothalamo-cerebellar and cerebello-hypothalamic pathways: a review and hypothesis concerning cerebellar circuits which may influence autonomic centers affective behavior","volume":"24","author":"Haines","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Evol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017","article-title":"Multiple receptors contribute to the behavioral effects of indoleamine hallucinogens","volume":"61","author":"Halberstadt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110388326","article-title":"Differential contributions of serotonin receptors to the behavioral effects of indoleamine hallucinogens in mice","volume":"25","author":"Halberstadt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18632","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69597-9","article-title":"Developmental changes in brain structure and function following exposure to oral LSD during adolescence","volume":"14","author":"Harris-Blum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640241","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.640241","article-title":"Low doses of psilocybin and ketamine enhance motivation and attention in poor performing rats: evidence for an antidepressant property","volume":"12","author":"Higgins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120959614","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation in the rat prefrontal cortex and hippocampus after a single administration of psilocybin","volume":"35","author":"Jefsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01035","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.1035","article-title":"Dose-dependent effects of esketamine on brain activity in awake mice: a BOLD phMRI study","volume":"10","author":"Kawazoe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-022-01506-0","article-title":"Cerebellum lecture: the cerebellar nuclei-Core of the cerebellum","volume":"23","author":"Kebschull","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00872.x","article-title":"Animal research: reporting in vivo experiments: the ARRIVE guidelines","volume":"160","author":"Kilkenny","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2005.04.011","article-title":"Procedure for minimizing stress for fMRI studies in conscious rats","volume":"148","author":"King","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2020.122486","article-title":"Development and validation of an LC-MS\/MS method for the bioanalysis of psilocybin's main metabolites, psilocin and 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, in human plasma","volume":"1164","author":"Kolaczynska","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.83654","article-title":"The integrated brain network that controls respiration","volume":"12","author":"Krohn","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22833","article-title":"Finding the self by losing the self: neural correlates of ego-dissolution under psilocybin","volume":"36","author":"Lebedev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.07.020","article-title":"Two dose investigation of the 5-HT-agonist psilocybin on relative and global cerebral blood flow","volume":"159","author":"Lewis","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3776","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4557-10.2011","article-title":"Uncovering intrinsic connectional architecture of functional networks in awake rat brain","volume":"31","author":"Liang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168911","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1168911","article-title":"Acute psilocybin increased cortical activities in rats","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04143-5","article-title":"Reverse-translational identification of a cerebellar satiation network","volume":"600","author":"Low","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0718-8","article-title":"Me, myself, bye: regional alterations in glutamate and the experience of ego dissolution with psilocybin","volume":"45","author":"Mason","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.11.005","article-title":"Have we been ignoring the elephant in the room? Seven arguments for considering the cerebellum as part of addiction circuitry","volume":"60","author":"Miquel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00471","article-title":"BOLD imaging in awake wild-type and mu-opioid receptor Knock-out mice reveals on-target activation maps in response to oxycodone","volume":"10","author":"Moore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15171","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2063-13.2013","article-title":"Broadband cortical desynchronization underlies the human psychedelic state","volume":"33","author":"Muthukumaraswamy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002","article-title":"Hallucinogens","volume":"101","author":"Nichols","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4142","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2371-18.2019","article-title":"Cannabinoids stimulate the TRP Channel-dependent release of both serotonin and dopamine to modulate behavior in C. elegans","volume":"39","author":"Oakes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.8.4.434","article-title":"Generalized eta and omega squared statistics: measures of effect size for some common research designs","volume":"8","author":"Olejnik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04173.x","article-title":"Serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor activation induces 2-arachidonoylglycerol release through a phospholipase c-dependent mechanism","volume":"99","author":"Parrish","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1080\/1355621021000005937","article-title":"The pharmacology of psilocybin","volume":"7","author":"Passie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.12.027","article-title":"Psilocybin induces time-dependent changes in global functional connectivity","volume":"88","author":"Preller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(92)90188-8","article-title":"The circadian rhythm of body temperature","volume":"51","author":"Refinetti","year":"1992","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02690-1","article-title":"Psilocybin-induced default mode network hypoconnectivity is blunted in alcohol-dependent rats","volume":"13","author":"Reinwald","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0358-7","article-title":"Increased frontal and paralimbic activation following ayahuasca, the pan-Amazonian inebriant","volume":"186","author":"Riba","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw134","article-title":"Animal models of hallucinations observed through the modern Lens","volume":"43","author":"Robbins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020908","article-title":"Psychotropic drug effects on steroid stress hormone release and possible mechanisms involved","volume":"23","author":"Romanova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02891-6","article-title":"Cannabidiol has a unique effect on global brain activity: a pharmacological, functional MRI study in awake mice","volume":"19","author":"Sadaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01144","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.1144","article-title":"Effects of (\u2212)-MBP, a novel 5-HT(2C) agonist and 5-HT(2A\/2B) antagonist\/inverse agonist on brain activity: a phMRI study on awake mice","volume":"11","author":"Sathe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.12.012","article-title":"Environmental light and suprachiasmatic nucleus interact in the regulation of body temperature","volume":"132","author":"Scheer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.07.005","article-title":"The cerebellum and cognition","volume":"688","author":"Schmahmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqae083","article-title":"Potential differences in psychedelic actions based on biological sex","volume":"165","author":"Shadani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.06.008","article-title":"Psilocybin induces rapid and persistent growth of dendritic spines in frontal cortex in vivo","volume":"109","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07624-5","article-title":"Psilocybin desynchronizes the human brain","volume":"632","author":"Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"295","article-title":"Cerebellar connections to catecholamine systems: anatomical and biochemical studies","volume":"101","author":"Snider","year":"1976","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2015.07.018","article-title":"Neurovascular and neuroimaging effects of the hallucinogenic serotonin receptor agonist psilocin in the rat brain","volume":"99","author":"Spain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000198","article-title":"Sex differences and serotonergic mechanisms in the behavioural effects of psilocin","volume":"27","author":"Tyls","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3572","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-10-03572.2001","article-title":"5-HT2A receptors stimulate ACTH, corticosterone, oxytocin, renin, and prolactin release and activate hypothalamic CRF and oxytocin-expressing cells","volume":"21","author":"Van de Kar","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(96)00246-1","article-title":"Positron emission tomography and fluorodeoxyglucose studies of metabolic hyperfrontality and psychopathology in the psilocybin model of psychosis","volume":"16","author":"Vollenweider","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-0367-2","article-title":"Psychedelic drugs: neurobiology and potential for treatment of psychiatric disorders","volume":"21","author":"Vollenweider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199812010-00024","article-title":"Psilocybin induces schizophrenia-like psychosis in humans via a serotonin-2 agonist action","volume":"9","author":"Vollenweider","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(98)00108-0","article-title":"5-HT modulation of dopamine release in basal ganglia in psilocybin-induced psychosis in man\u2014a PET study with [11C]raclopride","volume":"20","author":"Vollenweider","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126713","article-title":"Effect of psilocybin and ketamine on brain neurotransmitters, glutamate receptors, DNA and rat behavior","volume":"23","author":"Wojtas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197459","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1197459","article-title":"The cerebellum and cognitive neural networks","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1554049\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:15:00Z","timestamp":1746058500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1554049\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2025.1554049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1554049","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.02.01.636078","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"article-number":"1554049"}}