{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T14:38:53Z","timestamp":1793025533673,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82074303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82074303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82174345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82174345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81973684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81973684"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Long-term mobile phone use (LTMPU) has been linked to sleep disorders, mood disorders, and cognitive impairment, with MRI-detected enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVSs) as potential imaging markers. This study investigated computational MRI-visible EPVSs and their association with sleep disturbance, dementia, and mental distress in young adults with LTMPU.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective study included 82 LTMPU patients who underwent MRI scans and assessments using six clinical scales: Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Hamilton Anxiety (HAM-A), and Hamilton Depression (HAM-D). Deep learning algorithms segmented EPVSs lesions, extracting quantitative metrics (count, volume, mean length, and mean curvature) across 17 brain subregions. Correlation analyses explored relationships between EPVSs indicators and clinical measurements. The BrainNet Viewer tool highlighted significant brain subregions and EPVSs traits linked to dementia, sleep disturbance, and mental distress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Correlation analyses identified 23 significant indicator pairs (FDR-adjusted <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05), including associations between nine EPVSs characteristics and MoCA scores: four with the PSQI, one with the ISI, three with the ESS, four with the HAM-A, and two with the HAM-D. Regression analyses revealed seven significant EPVSs features, with three linked to cognitive impairment: mean EPVSs length in the left basal ganglia and mean length\/curvature in the left temporal lobe. Also, the mean EPVSs length in the left frontal lobe could indicate insomnia, sleepiness, and anxiety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Computational EPVSs metrics offer insights into the EPVSs pathophysiology and its links to mood disorders, sleep disturbances, and cognitive impairment in LTMPU patients. These findings also highlight potential connections between EPVSs, excessive daytime sleepiness, and anxiety, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of these multifaceted conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1555054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T05:29:20Z","timestamp":1745818160000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["MRI-based machine learning analysis of perivascular spaces and their link to sleep disturbances, dementia, and mental distress in young adults with long-time mobile phone use"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaojiao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizhou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeke","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E136","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.190434","article-title":"Smartphones, social media use and youth mental health","volume":"192","author":"Abi-Jaoude","year":"2020","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2023.101878","article-title":"Towards the neurobiology of insomnia: a systematic review of neuroimaging studies","volume":"73","author":"Aquino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2014.00044","article-title":"The insight ToolKit image registration framework","volume":"8","author":"Avants","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinform."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30295-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of theta burst versus high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression (THREE-D): a randomised non-inferiority trial","volume":"391","author":"Blumberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsx140","article-title":"Altered regional cerebral blood flow in idiopathic hypersomnia","volume":"40","author":"Boucetta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101583","article-title":"Sleep and anxiety: from mechanisms to interventions","volume":"61","author":"Chellappa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.276360","article-title":"Regional volume changes of the brain in migraine chronification","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4084","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02215-8","article-title":"The use of neuroimaging techniques in the early and differential diagnosis of dementia","volume":"28","author":"Chouliaras","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3048","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30381-6","article-title":"Anxiety","volume":"388","author":"Craske","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac168","article-title":"Long coronavirus disease-related persistent poor sleep quality and progression of enlarged perivascular spaces. A longitudinal study","volume":"45","author":"Del Brutto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021","article-title":"An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest","volume":"31","author":"Desikan","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.1397","article-title":"Large perivascular spaces visible on magnetic resonance imaging, cerebral small vessel disease progression, and risk of dementia: the age, gene\/environment susceptibility-Reykjavik study","volume":"74","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e016512","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.016512","article-title":"Cerebral small-vessel disease and risk of incidence of depression: a meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies","volume":"9","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02297-y","article-title":"Neuroinflammation mechanisms of neuromodulation therapies for anxiety and depression","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa179","article-title":"Impaired glymphatic function and clearance of tau in an Alzheimer's disease model","volume":"143","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920765","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.920765","article-title":"Widespread aberrant functional connectivity throughout the whole brain in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"16","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.10.024","article-title":"Perivascular spaces and their role in neuroinflammation","volume":"110","author":"Ineichen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000110315.26026.EF","article-title":"Comparison of different MRI brain atrophy rate measures with clinical disease progression in AD","volume":"62","author":"Jack","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1791","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200989","article-title":"Association of Enlarged Perivascular Spaces with Amyloid Burden and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer disease continuum","volume":"99","author":"Jeong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2648","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201300","article-title":"Association of MRI indices of Glymphatic system with amyloid deposition and cognition in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease","volume":"99","author":"Kamagata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01109-z","article-title":"The prefrontal cortex, pathological anxiety, and anxiety disorders","volume":"47","author":"Kenwood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2020.00057","article-title":"Correlations between mobile phone addiction and anxiety, depression, impulsivity, and poor sleep quality among college students: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016152038","article-title":"Reduced integrity of right lateralized white matter in patients with primary insomnia: a diffusion-tensor imaging study","volume":"280","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.11.080","article-title":"Enlarged perivascular spaces in the centrum semiovale are associated with poststroke depression: a 3-month prospective study","volume":"228","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy213","article-title":"The associations of long-time mobile phone use with sleep disturbances and mental distress in technical college students: a prospective cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31948-2","article-title":"Depression","volume":"392","author":"Malhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.323","article-title":"Identifying HAM-A cutoffs for mild, moderate, and severe generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"19","author":"Matza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101657","article-title":"Physiological markers of sleep quality: a scoping review","volume":"64","author":"McCarter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.5.601","article-title":"The insomnia severity index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response","volume":"34","author":"Morin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013549","article-title":"Correlations between problematic mobile phone use and depressiveness and daytime sleepiness, as well as perceived social support in adolescents","volume":"19","author":"Nowak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory","volume":"9","author":"Oldfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-230445","article-title":"MRI visible perivascular spaces and the risk of incident mild cognitive impairment in a community sample","volume":"96","author":"Pase","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01018-2","article-title":"Understanding and approaching excessive daytime sleepiness","volume":"400","author":"P\u00e9rez-Carbonell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00879-0","article-title":"Insomnia","volume":"400","author":"Perlis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2020","article-title":"Fluid transport in the brain","volume":"102","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e221512","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.221512","article-title":"Emerging perspectives on MRI application in multiple sclerosis: moving from pathophysiology to clinical practice","volume":"307","author":"Rocca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0000000000002864","article-title":"Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation","volume":"126","author":"Schober","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34257-x","article-title":"Deep learning empowered volume delineation of whole-body organs-at-risk for accelerated radiotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00316-9","article-title":"Neuroimaging evidence of glymphatic system dysfunction in possible REM sleep behavior disorder and Parkinson's disease","volume":"8","author":"Si","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205489","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1205489","article-title":"Brain perivascular spaces and autism: clinical and pathogenic implications from an innovative volumetric MRI study","volume":"17","author":"Sotgiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2015.03.004","article-title":"Neurostructural abnormalities in pediatric anxiety disorders","volume":"32","author":"Strawn","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Itc33","DOI":"10.7326\/aitc202103160","article-title":"Insomnia","volume":"174","author":"Sutton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106730","article-title":"Linking human cerebral and ocular waste clearance: insights from tear fluid and ultra-high field MRI","volume":"203","author":"van der Thiel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5446","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-08649-y","article-title":"MRI-visible enlarged perivascular spaces: imaging marker to predict cognitive impairment in older chronic insomnia patients","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102831","article-title":"Associations of socioeconomic status and healthy lifestyle with incident dementia and cognitive decline: two prospective cohort studies","volume":"76","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338526","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1338526","article-title":"Mobile phone addiction and insomnia among college students in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: a moderated mediation model","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0312-z","article-title":"Perivascular spaces in the brain: anatomy, physiology and pathology","volume":"16","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120685","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of automated methods for quantifying enlarged perivascular spaces in the brain","volume":"297","author":"Waymont","year":"2024","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153784","DOI":"10.3389\/fradi.2023.1153784","article-title":"uRP: an integrated research platform for one-stop analysis of medical images","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Radiol."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68910","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068910","article-title":"BrainNet viewer: a network visualization tool for human brain connectomics","volume":"8","author":"Xia","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966781","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.966781","article-title":"Enlarged perivascular spaces, neuroinflammation and neurological dysfunction in NMOSD patients","volume":"13","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S446531","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of multimodal MRI markers and clinical risk factors for cerebral small vessel disease based on deep learning","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-023-01326-9","article-title":"Childhood neglect and problematic smartphone use among chinese young adults: the mediating roles of peer attachment and fear of missing out","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1159\/000531847","article-title":"Association between mobile phone use and incidence of dementia: a prospective cohort study using the UK biobank","volume":"69","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915009","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.915009","article-title":"Automatic segmentation of white matter hyperintensities in routine clinical brain MRI by 2D VB-net: a large-scale study","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.04.028","article-title":"Severity classification on the Hamilton depression rating scale","volume":"150","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2023.102773","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of resting-state fMRI in anxiety disorders: need for data sharing to move the field forward","volume":"99","author":"Zugman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1555054\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T05:29:21Z","timestamp":1745818161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1555054\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2025.1555054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1555054","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"article-number":"1555054"}}