{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T11:58:52Z","timestamp":1793793532364,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a traumatic neurological disorder with a high incidence and limited clinical treatment options. Ferroptosis, a newly discovered form of programmed cell death, has shown significant research potential in the field of neurological diseases. Stem cells have become an ideal therapeutic option for various diseases due to their multidirectional differentiation potential and paracrine properties. Existing studies have demonstrated that stem cells possess substantial potential in the repair of spinal cord injuries. Recent research has found that stem cell transplantation can improve the pathological process of SCI by regulating the ferroptosis pathway. This review systematically described the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis in SCI, the biological effects of stem cell therapy for SCI, and the therapeutic potential of stem cell-targeted regulation of ferroptosis. Additionally, we proposed three key research directions: cross-study of ferroptosis signaling pathways and stem cell action mechanisms, optimization strategies for therapeutic stem cells, and multimodal combined treatments based on ferroptosis regulation. This review aimed to provide new theoretical foundations and research perspectives for stem cell therapy in SCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1622787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T12:03:33Z","timestamp":1750853013000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Targeting ferroptosis in spinal cord injury through stem cell therapy: mechanisms and therapeutic prospects"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Qiqin","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingdi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuyi","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingbing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-03868-0","article-title":"Safety and potential effects of intrathecal injection of allogeneic human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in complete subacute spinal cord injury: a first-in-human, single-arm, open-label, phase I clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Akhlaghpasand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112728","article-title":"Mitochondria-derived cell-to-cell communication","volume":"42","author":"Al Amir Dache","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7533","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207533","article-title":"Spinal cord injury: pathophysiology, multimolecular interactions, and underlying recovery mechanisms","volume":"21","author":"Anjum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2816","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells: immune evasive, not immune privileged","volume":"32","author":"Ankrum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2012.81","article-title":"The pathways of mitophagy for quality control and clearance of mitochondria","volume":"20","author":"Ashrafi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2018.04.010","article-title":"The challenges of first-in-human stem cell clinical trials: what does this mean for ethics and institutional review boards?","volume":"10","author":"Barker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103211","article-title":"Ferroptosis in health and disease","volume":"75","author":"Berndt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5966","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115966","article-title":"Human-induced neural and mesenchymal stem cell therapy combined with a curcumin Nanoconjugate as a spinal cord injury treatment","volume":"22","author":"Bonilla","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJMS."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2007.03.010","article-title":"Intracellular labile iron","volume":"40","author":"Breuer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46259-y","article-title":"Intrathecal delivery of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in traumatic spinal cord injury: phase I trial","volume":"15","author":"Bydon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-00462-0","article-title":"Broadening horizons: the role of ferroptosis in cancer","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8156","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04082-y","article-title":"BMSC-derived exosomes carrying miR-26a-5p ameliorate spinal cord injury via negatively regulating EZH2 and activating the BDNF-TrkB-CREB signaling","volume":"61","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112698","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells for spinal cord injury: current options, limitations, and future of cell therapy","volume":"20","author":"Cofano","year":"2019","journal-title":"IJMS."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2024.06.011","article-title":"BMSC-derived exosomal miR-219-5p alleviates ferroptosis in neuronal cells caused by spinal cord injury via the UBE2Z\/NRF2 pathway","volume":"556","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004","article-title":"Acute traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"39","author":"Eli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/292154a0","article-title":"Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos","volume":"292","author":"Evans","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689718755778","article-title":"Microenvironment imbalance of spinal cord injury","volume":"27","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2174\/1574362414666191018121658","article-title":"Human pluripotent stem cells for spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Farzaneh","year":"2020","journal-title":"CSCR."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84S","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568217703387","article-title":"A clinical practice guideline for the management of acute spinal cord injury: introduction, rationale, and scope","volume":"7","author":"Fehlings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Spine J."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101984","article-title":"Iron overload in the motor cortex induces neuronal ferroptosis following spinal cord injury","volume":"43","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2853650","article-title":"Progress in stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury","volume":"2020","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Petrenko, Y. Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13657","article-title":"Zinc attenuates ferroptosis and promotes functional recovery in contusion spinal cord injury by activating Nrf2\/GPX4 defense pathway","volume":"27","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2008-0163","article-title":"Adult germ line stem cells as a source of functional neurons and glia","volume":"26","author":"Glaser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110802","article-title":"SYVN1 attenuates ferroptosis and alleviates spinal cord ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury in rats by regulating the HMGB1\/NRF2\/HO-1 axis","volume":"123","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357696","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1357696","article-title":"Role of tendon-derived stem cells in tendon and ligament repair: focus on tissue engineer","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4222","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03814-w","article-title":"Targeted therapy of spinal cord injury: inhibition of apoptosis is a promising therapeutic strategy","volume":"61","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2016.02.011","article-title":"Mitochondria in mesenchymal stem cell biology and cell therapy: from cellular differentiation to mitochondrial transfer","volume":"52","author":"Hsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.39725","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells promote liver regeneration through regulation of immune cells","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.05.015","article-title":"ROS-responsive nanoparticle delivery of ferroptosis inhibitor prodrug to facilitate mesenchymal stem cell-mediated spinal cord injury repair","volume":"38","author":"Hua","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact Mater."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0963689721989266","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689721989266","article-title":"Stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"71","article-title":"The Edwin smith surgical papyrus: an analysis of the first case reports of spinal cord injuries","volume":"26","author":"Hughes","year":"1988","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3200","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103200","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies for spinal cord injury","volume":"19","author":"Jendelova","year":"2018","journal-title":"IJMS."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-00324-8","article-title":"Ferroptosis: mechanisms, biology and role in disease","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2013.1083","article-title":"A clinical trial report of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.353496","article-title":"Erythropoietin inhibits ferroptosis and ameliorates neurological function after spinal cord injury","volume":"18","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.10.SPINE18802","article-title":"Neurological recovery following traumatic spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Khorasanizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt474","article-title":"Ethical issues in stem cell research and therapy","volume":"5","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1159\/000345615","article-title":"Introduction to stem cells and regenerative medicine","volume":"85","author":"Kolios","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-019-02808-2","article-title":"Biomaterials and magnetic stem cell delivery in the treatment of spinal cord injury","volume":"45","author":"Kubinov\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2298-2","article-title":"Ferroptosis: past, present and future","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.350209","article-title":"Bioinformatics analysis of ferroptosis in spinal cord injury","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14150","article-title":"Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase regulates ferroptosis in neurons after spinal cord injury via the P53-ALOX15 signaling pathway","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-03825-x","article-title":"The roles of neural stem cells in myelin regeneration and repair therapy after spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2018.05.032","article-title":"microRNAs and cardiac stem cells in heart development and disease","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926780","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.926780","article-title":"Mechanism of Ferroptosis and its role in spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176710","article-title":"Tetramethylpyrazine alleviates ferroptosis and promotes functional recovery in spinal cord injury by regulating GPX4\/ACSL4","volume":"977","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2022.100425","article-title":"A tannic acid doped hydrogel with small extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells promotes spinal cord repair by regulating reactive oxygen species microenvironment","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater Today, Bio."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7038","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16059","article-title":"Signaling pathways and defense mechanisms of ferroptosis","volume":"289","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02153-8","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: therapeutic opportunities and challenges for spinal cord injury","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-024-00536-5","article-title":"Mitochondrial quality control in human health and disease","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0031","article-title":"Ethical issues in stem cell research","volume":"30","author":"Lo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1159","article-title":"Concise review: human pluripotent stem cells in the treatment of spinal cord injury","volume":"30","author":"Lukovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2013.0266","article-title":"Perspectives and future directions of human pluripotent stem cell-based therapies: lessons from geron\u2019s clinical trial for spinal cord injury","volume":"23","author":"Lukovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3334","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123334","article-title":"Pluripotent stem cells for spinal cord injury repair","volume":"10","author":"Martin-Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-016-9563-8","article-title":"Participant understanding and recall of informed consent for induced pluripotent stem cell biobanking","volume":"17","author":"McCaughey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Bank."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad142","article-title":"Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells therapy as a new treatment option for diabetes mellitus","volume":"108","author":"Mik\u0142osz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-020-00149-0","article-title":"Regenerative therapy for spinal cord injury using iPSC technology","volume":"40","author":"Nagoshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm Regener."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.11.006","article-title":"Mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial quality control","volume":"4","author":"Ni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3049","article-title":"The elusive nature and function of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"12","author":"Nombela-Arrieta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.02.035","article-title":"Mitochondria: in sickness and in health","volume":"148","author":"Nunnari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001056","article-title":"A phase III clinical trial showing limited efficacy of autologous mesenchymal stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury","volume":"78","author":"Oh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1658","article-title":"Identification of a ferrireductase required for efficient transferrin-dependent iron uptake in erythroid cells","volume":"37","author":"Ohgami","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2020.1770725","article-title":"Regenerative medicine for spinal cord injury: focus on stem cells and biomaterials","volume":"20","author":"Papa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4879379","article-title":"The stem cell niche: interactions between stem cells and their environment","volume":"2018","author":"Pennings","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4653","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-03807-9","article-title":"Mitochondrial network remodeling: an important feature of myogenesis and skeletal muscle regeneration","volume":"78","author":"Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2012.02.002","article-title":"Chemistry of phospholipid oxidation","volume":"1818","author":"Reis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-03775-0","article-title":"Mitochondrial quality control: from molecule to organelle","volume":"78","author":"Roca-Portoles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-021-00907-8","article-title":"USP11 regulates autophagy-dependent ferroptosis after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury by deubiquitinating Beclin 1","volume":"29","author":"Rong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-022-10327-x","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes suppress neuronal cell ferroptosis via lncGm36569\/miR-5627-5p\/FSP1 axis in acute spinal cord injury","volume":"18","author":"Shao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1357-z","article-title":"Crosstalk between stem cell and spinal cord injury: pathophysiology and treatment strategies","volume":"10","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2024.105759","article-title":"Exosomes from hypoxic ADSCs ameliorate neuronal damage post spinal cord injury through circ-Wdfy3 delivery and inhibition of ferroptosis","volume":"177","author":"Shao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155380","article-title":"Celastrol inhibits oligodendrocyte and neuron ferroptosis to promote spinal cord injury recovery","volume":"128","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12992","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12992","article-title":"Programmed cell death in spinal cord injury pathogenesis and therapy","volume":"54","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630932","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/630932","article-title":"Clinical trial of human fetal brain-derived neural stem\/progenitor cell transplantation in patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"2015","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.367838","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells, extracellular vesicles, and transcranial magnetic stimulation for ferroptosis after spinal cord injury","volume":"1","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110108","article-title":"The emerging role of ferroptosis in inflammation","volume":"127","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-00441-1","article-title":"Ferroptosis: molecular mechanisms and health implications","volume":"31","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-024-02209-3","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote the recovery of spinal cord injury and inhibit Ferroptosis by inactivating IL-17 pathway","volume":"74","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2023.02.012","article-title":"Introduction to stem cells","volume":"199","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867053764635","article-title":"Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress","volume":"12","author":"Valko","year":"2005","journal-title":"CMC"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.08.121","article-title":"Metformin attenuates Ferroptosis and promotes functional recovery of spinal cord injury","volume":"167","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116225","article-title":"ADSC-exos enhance functional recovery after spinal cord injury by inhibiting ferroptosis and promoting the survival and function of endothelial cells through the NRF2\/SLC7A11\/GPX4 pathway","volume":"172","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.54113","article-title":"Ferroptosis as a novel therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.12.019","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-based drug delivery strategy: from cells to biomimetic","volume":"294","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.09.014","article-title":"Pluripotent stem cell-based cell therapy\u2014promise and challenges","volume":"27","author":"Yamanaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3994","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21113994","article-title":"Clinical trials of stem cell treatment for spinal cord injury","volume":"21","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJMS."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102871","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell attenuates spinal cord injury by inhibiting mitochondrial quality control-associated neuronal ferroptosis","volume":"67","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.09.019","article-title":"A shear-thinning, ROS-scavenging hydrogel combined with dental pulp stem cells promotes spinal cord repair by inhibiting ferroptosis","volume":"22","author":"Ying","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioactive Materials."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101684","article-title":"Research progress in the use of mesenchymal stem cells and their derived exosomes in the treatment of osteoarthritis","volume":"80","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1165-5","article-title":"Stem cells: past, present, and future","volume":"10","author":"Zakrzewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-021-00687-5","article-title":"Safety and feasibility of autologous olfactory ensheathing cell and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell co-transplantation in chronic human spinal cord injury: a clinical trial","volume":"60","author":"Zamani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00021.2014","article-title":"Cardiac regeneration and stem cells","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327027","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1327027","article-title":"Global research trends and hotspots on tendon-derived stem cell: a bibliometric visualization study","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21841-w","article-title":"mTORC1 couples cyst(e)ine availability with GPX4 protein synthesis and ferroptosis regulation","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.10.011","article-title":"The metabolic underpinnings of Ferroptosis","volume":"32","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-00112","article-title":"Pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy in spinal cord injury: regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"20","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b01790","article-title":"Comparison of regenerative effects of transplanting three-dimensional longitudinal scaffold loaded-human mesenchymal stem cells and human neural stem cells on spinal cord completely transected rats","volume":"6","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Biomater Sci. Eng."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1622787\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T12:03:34Z","timestamp":1750853014000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1622787\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"references-count":97,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2025.1622787"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1622787","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"article-number":"1622787"}}