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However, an increasing body of evidence has pointed out that ipRGCs also play a role in visual processing, such as contrast, brightness and color perception. In this mini-review, I listed what the caveats about those studies discussing how ipRGCs affect cognitive functions and how ipRGCs serve as image-forming functions under well-controlled condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1635101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T05:24:14Z","timestamp":1754371454000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells and visual processing: ipRGCs beyond non-image-forming functions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Hsing-Hao","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/2971648.2971751","article-title":"Shining (blue) light on creative ability","author":"Abdullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2022.04.009","article-title":"Slow vision: Measuring melanopsin-mediated light effects in animal models.","volume":"273","author":"Allen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. 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