{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:17:56Z","timestamp":1792513076842,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypertension is a significant risk factor for cognitive impairment. Our group\u2019s previous rs-fMRI study has found that acupuncture can enhance the functional connectivity of brain regions related to cognitive function, thereby protecting the cognitive function of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to reveal the effects of electroacupuncture on the white matter structure in the brain regions of SHRs using the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) technique. 20 SHRs were divided into the electroacupuncture group (EA) and the model group (SHR), and 10 Wistar-Kyoto rats were established as the normal control group (WKY). Electroacupuncture was applied to Taichong (LR3) and Zusanli (ST36) acupoints for 12 weeks, with treatment every other day. Blood pressure was measured once every 2 weeks, with DTI scans and the Morris water maze (MWM) tests performed at the end of the 12-week electroacupuncture intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed that electroacupuncture significantly decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure and enhanced spatial learning and memory in SHRs. DTI analysis revealed that hypertension led to increased axial diffusivity (AD), mean diffusivity (MD), and radial diffusivity (RD) values in brain regions such as the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, striatum, amygdaloid body, posterior lobe of cerebellum, olfactory bulb, and piriform cortex, indicating white matter microstructural damage. Electroacupuncture improved these injuries, especially significantly improving the integrity of the hippocampal white matter structure. Correlation analysis showed that hippocampal white matter structure parameters were significantly correlated with behavioral manifestations of MWM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Therefore, we speculate that electroacupuncture can alleviate white matter damage in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, striatum, and other brain regions, thereby preventing cognitive impairment in SHRs, which may be one of the reasons for the efficacy of electroacupuncture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1637037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T05:25:20Z","timestamp":1756358720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Electroacupuncture treatment can improve cognitive impairment in spontaneously hypertensive rats: a preliminary DTI study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ji-peng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing-xuan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Special Education, Beijing Union University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin-bin","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rulin Community Health Center","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wangjing Community Health Center","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian-qi","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wangjing Community Health Center","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long-teng","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing-hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song-Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin-ding","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing-guo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-023-01577-7","article-title":"Consensus paper: cerebellum and ageing","volume":"23","author":"Arleo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cerebellum (London, England)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-101533","article-title":"Mapping the altered patterns of cerebellar resting-state function in longitudinal amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients","volume":"23","author":"Bai","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Alzheimer's Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(94)80775-1","article-title":"MR diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging","volume":"66","author":"Basser","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010047","article-title":"Effect of heart rate reserve on prefrontal cortical activation while dual-task walking in older adults","volume":"19","author":"Bishnoi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4605-08.2009","article-title":"Axial diffusivity is the primary correlate of axonal injury in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis spinal cord: a quantitative pixelwise analysis","volume":"29","author":"Budde","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.12701\/jyms.2022.00605","article-title":"Hypertension and cognitive dysfunction: a narrative review","volume":"40","author":"Cheon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Yeungnam Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-110797","article-title":"New MRI markers for alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging and a comparison with medial temporal lobe measurements","volume":"29","author":"Clerx","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer's Dis.: JAD"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2020.12.002","article-title":"Valence processing in the PFC: Reconciling circuit-level and systems-level views","volume":"158","author":"Coley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-9316.2024.19.033","article-title":"Effects of acupuncture, Suhe Xiang pill combined with hyperbaric oxygen on patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage","volume":"15","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"China Health Standard Manag."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.680223","article-title":"Changes in normal-appearing white matter precede development of white matter lesions","volume":"44","author":"de Groot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq343","article-title":"Loss of white matter integrity is associated with gait disorders in cerebral small vessel disease","volume":"134","author":"de Laat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.33145\/2304-8336-2020-25-558-568","article-title":"Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging in early diagnosis of structural changes in brain white matter in small vessel disease associated with arterial hypertension and ionizing radiation","volume":"25","author":"Dykan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probl. Radiats. Med. Radiobiol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21710","article-title":"Precision hypertension","volume":"81","author":"Dzau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00005.2017","article-title":"The role of the hippocampus in navigation is memory","volume":"117","author":"Eichenbaum","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2722727","article-title":"Efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of essential hypertension: an overview of systematic reviews and Meta-analyses","volume":"2023","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.103082","article-title":"Hypertension is associated with reduced hippocampal connectivity and impaired memory","volume":"61","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725059","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.725059","article-title":"Fixel-based analysis and free water corrected DTI evaluation of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders","volume":"12","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.3263","article-title":"Loss of fornix white matter volume as a predictor of cognitive impairment in cognitively normal elderly individuals","volume":"70","author":"Fletcher","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000196941.58869.2d","article-title":"Midlife pulse pressure and incidence of dementia: the Honolulu-asia aging study","volume":"37","author":"Freitag","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13491","article-title":"Angiotensin II-mediated hippocampal hypoperfusion and vascular dysfunction contribute to vascular cognitive impairment in aged hypertensive rats","volume":"20","author":"Gannon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref21","author":"Gao","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01638-x","article-title":"Brain iron deposition and cognitive decline in patients with cerebral small vessel disease: a quantitative susceptibility mapping study","volume":"17","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Res Ther"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2011.07.009","article-title":"White matter integrity and vulnerability to alzheimer's disease: preliminary findings and future directions","volume":"1822","author":"Gold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2016.18.1\/shaber","article-title":"Corticostriatal circuitry","volume":"18","author":"Haber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5860364","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5860364","article-title":"Comparison of diffusion tensor imaging metrics in normal-appearing white matter to cerebrovascular lesions and correlation with cerebrovascular disease risk factors and severity","volume":"2022","author":"Haddad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Imag."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2012252","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.12252","article-title":"Effects of candesartan vs lisinopril on neurocognitive function in older adults with executive mild cognitive impairment: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"3","author":"Hajjar","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.12015\/issn.1674-8034.2024.06.021","article-title":"Progress in multimodal MRI research on acupuncture at Siguan point for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Magn. Reson. Imag."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328301a280","article-title":"Effects of hypertension therapy based on eprosartan on systolic arterial blood pressure and cognitive function: primary results of the observational study on cognitive function and systolic blood pressure reduction open-label study","volume":"26","author":"Hanon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"063","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000001063","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"145","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4249","article-title":"Association of blood pressure lowering with incident dementia or cognitive impairment","volume":"323","author":"Hughes","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320648","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/320648","article-title":"The association between hypertension and dementia in the elderly","volume":"2012","author":"Igase","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2017.08.15","article-title":"Impaired white matter integrity and social cognition in high-function autism: diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"15","author":"Im","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X19848510","article-title":"Memory impairment in spontaneously hypertensive rats is associated with hippocampal hypoperfusion and hippocampal vascular dysfunction","volume":"40","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI39733","article-title":"Cerebrovascular dysfunction and microcirculation rarefaction precede white matter lesions in a mouse genetic model of cerebral ischemic small vessel disease","volume":"120","author":"Joutel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.04.024","article-title":"White-matter integrity on DTI and the pathologic staging of alzheimer's disease","volume":"56","author":"Kantarci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccb.2023.100158","article-title":"Fornix degeneration in risk factors of alzheimer's disease, possible trigger of cognitive decline","volume":"4","author":"Lacalle-Aurioles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cerebral Circulation - Cognition Behav."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8562","DOI":"10.48101\/ujms.v127.8562","article-title":"Can diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) outperform standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigations in post-COVID-19 autoimmune encephalitis?","volume":"127","author":"Latini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ups. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2333353","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.33353","article-title":"Use of antihypertensives, blood pressure, and estimated risk of dementia in late life: an individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Lennon","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161578","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1161578","article-title":"Acupuncture with twirling reinforcing and reducing manipulation shows a control of hypertension and regulation of blood pressure-related target brain regions in spontaneously hypertensive rat: a preliminary resting-state functional MRI study","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2017.07.011","article-title":"Rat brain digital stereotaxic white matter atlas with fine tract delineation in paxinos space and its automated applications in DTI data analysis","volume":"43","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181355","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2023.2181355","article-title":"External counterpulsation stimulation combined with acupuncture for vascular endothelial function in patients with hypertension: a randomized pilot trial","volume":"45","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Experimental Hypertension"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2016.07.006","article-title":"Neuromodulation of olfactory transformations","volume":"40","author":"Linster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4661","article-title":"Viewpoints: how the hippocampus contributes to memory, navigation and cognition","volume":"20","author":"Lisman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-024-04657-1","article-title":"The neural plasticity and efficacy of acupuncture for post-stroke dysphagia: protocol for a randomized controlled trial with fMRI and DTI","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Med. Therapies"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129688","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1129688","article-title":"Electroacupuncture and manual acupuncture at LR3 and ST36 have attenuating effects on hypertension and subsequent cognitive dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats: a preliminary resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582904","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.582904","article-title":"Acupuncture improves white matter perfusion and integrity in rat model of vascular dementia: an MRI-based imaging study","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-021-01236-z","article-title":"Prevalence of non-adherence to antihypertensive medication in asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Mahmood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01285-x","article-title":"The challenge of mapping the human connectome based on diffusion tractography","volume":"8","author":"Maier-Hein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00436","article-title":"Relationship between DTI metrics and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"10","author":"Mayo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2024.05.013","article-title":"Testing the structural disconnection hypothesis: myelin content correlates with memory in healthy aging","volume":"141","author":"Mendez Colmenares","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051304","article-title":"Prediction of motor recovery in patients with basal ganglia hemorrhage using diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"9","author":"Min","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2022.101997","article-title":"Role of diffusion tensor imaging and tractography in spinal cord injury","volume":"33","author":"Nanda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthopaedics Trauma"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2012.05.2186","article-title":"Longitudinal, region-specific course of diffusion tensor imaging measures in mild cognitive impairment and alzheimer's disease","volume":"9","author":"Nowrangi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(71)90358-1","article-title":"The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat","volume":"34","author":"O\u2019Keefe","year":"1971","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70104-6","article-title":"Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges","volume":"9","author":"Pantoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet. Neurol."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1598","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00490.2012","article-title":"The effects of hypertension on the cerebral circulation","volume":"304","author":"Pires","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2119","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005684","article-title":"Baseline NAWM structural integrity and CBF predict periventricular WMH expansion over time","volume":"90","author":"Promjunyakul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-021-00704-3","article-title":"Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in patients with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(18)30629-0","article-title":"Twirling reinforcing-reducing manipulation\u2014central mechanism underlying antihypertensive effect on spontaneous hypertension in rats","volume":"38","author":"Qiulei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-024-01494-0","article-title":"Modulating cognitive function with antihypertensive medications: a comprehensive systematic review on FMRI studies","volume":"35","author":"Rahnemayan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32832401ea","article-title":"Altered structure of small cerebral arteries in patients with essential hypertension","volume":"27","author":"Rizzoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpv161","article-title":"Aortic arch stiffness is associated with incipient brain injury in patients with hypertension","volume":"29","author":"Sala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.18085","article-title":"Hypertension, neurovascular dysfunction, and cognitive impairment","volume":"80","author":"Santisteban","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1440.001","article-title":"Episodic simulation of future events: concepts, data, and applications","volume":"1124","author":"Schacter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1267","article-title":"Dysmyelination revealed through MRI as increased radial (but unchanged axial) diffusion of water","volume":"17","author":"Song","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.13703\/j.0255-2930.2014.12.014","article-title":"Can acupuncture treatment of hypertension improve brain health? A mini review","volume":"34","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.05.047","article-title":"Spontaneously hypertensive rat as a model of vascular brain disorder: microanatomy, neurochemistry and behavior","volume":"322","author":"Tayebati","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-100234","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in fiber tract integrity in healthy aging and mild cognitive impairment: a DTI follow-up study","volume":"22","author":"Teipel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer's Dis.: JAD"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5979","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13195979","article-title":"The role of hypertension in cognitive dysfunction","volume":"13","author":"Theofilis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.9.1948","article-title":"Cognitive decline in individuals with high blood pressure: a longitudinal study in the elderly","volume":"53","author":"Tzourio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39553.670231.25","article-title":"Adherence to prescribed antihypertensive drug treatments: longitudinal study of electronically compiled dosing histories","volume":"336","author":"Vrijens","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin. Res.)"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.16448\/j.cjtcm.2017.0683","article-title":"Based on DTI and P300 technology evaluation method of tong du tiaoshen acupuncture intervention effect of non dementia vascular cognitive dysfunction","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147135","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1147135","article-title":"Efficacy of acupuncture for hypertension in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovas. Med."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00867","article-title":"History of hypertension is associated with MR hypoperfusion in chinese inpatients with DWI-negative TIA","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17403","article-title":"Blood pressure determinants of cerebral white matter hyperintensities and microstructural injury: UK biobank cohort study","volume":"78","author":"Wartolowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13393","article-title":"Association between hypertension and cognitive function: a cross-sectional study in people over 45 years old in China","volume":"20","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens. (Greenwich)"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21965","article-title":"About 'axial' and 'radial' diffusivities","volume":"61","author":"Wheeler-Kingshott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621237","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/621237","article-title":"A study on effect of electroacupuncture on gene expression in hypothalamus of rats with stress-induced prehypertension based on gene chip technology","volume":"2015","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11447","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.182176499","article-title":"Dissociable prefrontal brain systems for attention and emotion","volume":"99","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2022.123352","article-title":"Acupuncture at taichong and zusanli points exerts hypotensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats by metabolomic analysis","volume":"1207","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25572","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025572","article-title":"Effect of acupuncture on essential hypertension: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1177\/09645284211055745","article-title":"Electroacupuncture and moxibustion-like stimulation activate the cutaneous and systemic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes in the rat","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acupuncture Med.: J. British Medical Acupuncture Society"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/0964528420920282","article-title":"Acupuncture at LR3 and KI3 shows a control effect on essential hypertension and targeted action on cerebral regions related to blood pressure regulation: a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acupuncture Med.: J. British Medical Acupuncture Society"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-018-9855-7","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier leakage in relation to white matter hyperintensity volume and cognition in small vessel disease and normal aging","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.31083\/JIN-170043","article-title":"Scalp acupuncture plus low-frequency rTMS promotes repair of brain white matter tracts in stroke patients: a DTI study","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00559-8","article-title":"Global epidemiology, health burden and effective interventions for elevated blood pressure and hypertension","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e38197","article-title":"Key targets of signal transduction neural mechanisms in acupuncture treatment of cardiovascular diseases: hypothalamus and autonomic nervous system","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1821556","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1637037\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T14:58:57Z","timestamp":1773413937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1637037\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"references-count":87,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2025.1637037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1637037","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"article-number":"1637037"}}