{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:50:00Z","timestamp":1760575800560,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"NSERC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anodal direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) of the visual cortex is a potential rehabilitation tool for vision disorders such as amblyopia and macular degeneration. However, the underlying neural mechanisms are currently unknown. When applied to the human motor cortex, a-tDCS reduces the concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter that modulates neuroplasticity. Our primary aim was to assess whether the same a-tDCS paradigm alters local GABA concentration when applied to the healthy primary visual cortex. We also measured the effect of a-tDCS on visual cortex resting-state connectivity and sought to replicate reported observations of an association between visual cortex GABA concentration and the dynamics of binocular rivalry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fourteen participants with normal vision completed two brain imaging sessions at least 48 hours apart. In each session, binocular rivalry dynamics, primary visual cortex GABA and glutamate-glutamine (Glx) concentrations (via magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)) and resting-state functional connectivity (via task-free fMRI) were measured at baseline. Real or sham a-tDCS (20 min, 2mA) was then applied to the visual cortex in a randomized sequence followed by a second set of MRS and fMRI measurements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>No between-session effects of a-tDCS on GABA or Glx concentration or resting-state functional connectivity were observed. A pre-planned within-session analysis revealed a significant increase in Glx following a-tDCS that did not withstand multiple comparisons correction. No consistent relationships between binocular rivalry dynamics and GABA concentration were apparent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Together, our results suggest that a-tDCS effects on the visual cortex may differ from the GABA-associated mechanism in motor cortex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1639838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T14:26:46Z","timestamp":1760538406000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation does not alter GABA concentration or functional connectivity in the normal visual cortex"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Dania","family":"Abuleil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Gorbet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daphne L.","family":"McCulloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Remy","family":"Cohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer Evelyn Kate","family":"Steeves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji Won","family":"Bang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin C.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.28.20116392","article-title":"Modulation of binocular rivalry with rapid monocular visual stimulation","author":"Abuleil","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239349","article-title":"Visual cortex cTBS increases mixed percept duration while a-TDCS has no effect on binocular rivalry","volume":"16","author":"Abuleil","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BRS.2023.07.052","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation elevates the baseline activity while sharpening the spatial tuning of the human visual cortex","volume":"16","author":"Ahn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100350","article-title":"Enhanced awareness followed reversible inhibition of human visual cortex: a combined TMS, MRS and MEG study","volume":"9","author":"Allen","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.04.010","article-title":"The homeostatic interaction between anodal transcranial direct current stimulation and motor learning in humans is related to GABAA activity","volume":"8","author":"Amadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0688","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human primary visual cortex by transcranial direct current stimulation: direct electrophysiological evidence","volume":"45","author":"Antal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Investig. 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