{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:06:45Z","timestamp":1758758805202,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 50-year-old patient developed ataxia, nystagmus, and palatal tremor. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed inferior olivary nuclei enlargement and hyperintensity in T2-weighted images, indicating hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD). The patient\u2019s past medical history reported proton therapy for an VIII cranial nerve Schwannoma. Here, we aimed to investigate the potential alterations involving tracts and nuclei composing the dentato-rubro-olivary pathway (Guillain-Mollaret triangle) using an advanced ultra-high field (7\u202fT) MRI protocol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The patient underwent a 7\u202fT-MRI brain exam, including a multi-echo gradient-echo sequence for quantitative susceptibility mapping and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The DTI dataset was elaborated for tractography and computation of tensor metrics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>7\u202fT-MRI allowed the depiction of the brainstem tracts and nuclei composing the Guillain-Mollaret triangle. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses of these structures demonstrated damage to the right red nucleus and the dentato-rubral tracts bilaterally. These findings are consistent with the pathophysiology of HOD and were confirmed in a follow-up MRI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study highlights the capability of 7\u202fT-MRI to depict and investigate brainstem substructures such as tracts and nuclei. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to depict all tracts composing the Guillain-Mollaret triangle and directly document their alterations in HOD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1656655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T05:41:57Z","timestamp":1758692517000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hypertrophic olivary degeneration: a 7 Tesla advanced imaging case report"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Calzoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graziella","family":"Donatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianmichele","family":"Migaleddu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Lancione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Cecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Biagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Caniglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Ceravolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirco","family":"Cosottini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00336-7","article-title":"How to correct susceptibility distortions in spin-echo echo-planar images: application to diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"20","author":"Andersson","year":"2003","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12118","article-title":"Frequency of bilateral hypertrophic olivary degeneration in a large retrospective cohort","volume":"25","author":"Carr","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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Exp."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015","article-title":"FSL","volume":"62","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.192.2.8029428","article-title":"Hypertrophic olivary degeneration: MR imaging and pathologic findings","volume":"192","author":"Kitajima","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00314146","article-title":"Rhythmic palatal myoclonus and the dentato-olivary pathway","volume":"220","author":"Lapresle","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3056","article-title":"Integrated Laplacian-based phase unwrapping and background phase removal for quantitative susceptibility mapping","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2011.09.014","article-title":"Collision in the inferior olive: hypertrophic olivary degeneration complicated by radiation necrosis in brainstem primitive neuroendocrine tumor","volume":"36","author":"Litkowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Imaging"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-013-0448-0","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging in a child with hypertrophic olivary degeneration","volume":"12","author":"Meoded","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.1.PEDS13490","article-title":"Hypertrophic olivary degeneration in a child following midbrain tumor resection: longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging studies","volume":"13","author":"Orman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1911","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging in hypertrophic olivary degeneration","volume":"31","author":"Shah","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950191","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.950191","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative detectability of hypertrophic olivary degeneration in T2, FLAIR, PD, and DTI: a prospective MRI study","volume":"13","author":"Steidl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116137","article-title":"MRtrix3: a fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image processing and visualisation","volume":"202","author":"Tournier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.04.024","article-title":"Hypertrophic olivary degeneration: a comprehensive review focusing on etiology","volume":"1718","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1656655\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T05:41:57Z","timestamp":1758692517000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1656655\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"references-count":16,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2025.1656655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1656655","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"article-number":"1656655"}}