{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T15:37:39Z","timestamp":1771947459611,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rapid spread of misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic has raised important questions about how individuals evaluate false information, particularly when it conflicts with strongly held prior attitudes. Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying the processing of vaccine-related misinformation may clarify why such beliefs persist despite corrective information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined neural responses to COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and factual information in vaccine-receptive participants (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f29). During scanning, participants were presented with a series of vaccine-related statements\u2014both accurate and false\u2014and indicated their level of agreement. Analyses focused on the influence of prior beliefs and attitude congruence on neural activation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Contrary to our hypotheses, exposure to attitude-incongruent misinformation did not elicit significant activation in emotional processing regions such as the amygdala or precuneus. However, when participants made attitude-incongruent responses\u2014endorsing misinformation or rejecting accurate information\u2014we observed increased activation in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and middle frontal gyrus (MFG), regions associated with decision-making, moral reasoning, memory integration, and cognitive control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that conflicts between incoming information and prior attitudes engage effortful, higher-order cognitive systems rather than affective processing. Resolving such conflicts appears to rely on decision-making and control mechanisms that manage uncertainty and cognitive dissonance. Due to recruitment limitations, the present study focused exclusively on vaccine-receptive individuals. Future research should investigate whether vaccine-resistant individuals exhibit similar or distinct neural patterns, which may provide further insight into the persistence of misinformation in the context of negative prior attitudes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1661523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T13:46:32Z","timestamp":1768830392000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neural mechanisms of cognitive conflict: processing COVID-19 vaccine misinformation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Morgan Chase","family":"McClellan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University","place":["Provo, UT, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. Brock","family":"Kirwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MindCORE, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia, PA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania R.","family":"Ashby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University","place":["Provo, UT, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University","place":["Provo, UT, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19556","DOI":"10.2196\/19556","article-title":"The impact of social media on panic during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iraqi Kurdistan: online questionnaire study","volume":"22","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716211423363","article-title":"Martin Fishbein\u2019s legacy: the reasoned action approach","volume":"640","author":"Ajzen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.981925","article-title":"The nature of beliefs and believing","volume":"13","author":"Albarracin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref4","year":""},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.03.002","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of motivated forgetting","volume":"18","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089504","article-title":"Neural systems underlying the suppression of unwanted memories","volume":"303","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12982-025-00501-0","article-title":"On different roles of interpersonal and institutional trust and trust in scientists in shaping COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy","volume":"22","author":"Auchynnikava","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discover Public Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2009.02.022","article-title":"Anatomical specificity of functional amygdala imaging of responses to stimuli with positive and negative emotional valence","volume":"180","author":"Ball","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.07.025","article-title":"Opposing mechanisms support the voluntary forgetting of unwanted memories","volume":"76","author":"Benoit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2021","article-title":"Amygdala-prefrontal connectivity during emotion regulation: a meta-analysis of psychophysiological interactions","volume":"153","author":"Berboth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropschologia"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsq073","article-title":"Sustained amygdala response to both novel and newly familiar faces characterizes inhibited temperament","volume":"6","author":"Blackford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2353-05.2006","article-title":"Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex promotes long-term memory formation through its role in working memory organization","volume":"26","author":"Blumenfeld","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12166","article-title":"In related news, that was wrong: the correction of misinformation through related stories functionality in social media","volume":"65","author":"Bode","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2023.06.008","article-title":"Algorithm-mediated social learning in online social networks","volume":"27","author":"Brady","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.37016\/mr-2020-028","article-title":"The causes and consequences of COVID-19 misperceptions: understanding the role of news and social media","volume":"1","author":"Bridgman","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Rev."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.10.016","article-title":"The neural correlates of third-party punishment","volume":"60","author":"Buckholtz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07417-w","article-title":"Misunderstanding the harms of online misinformation","volume":"630","author":"Budak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl004","article-title":"The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates","volume":"129","author":"Cavanna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2216614120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2216614120","article-title":"Sharing of misinformation is habitual, not just lazy or biased","volume":"120","author":"Ceylan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0922","article-title":"Rostrolateral prefrontal cortex involvement in relational integration during reasoning","volume":"14","author":"Christoff","year":"2001","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2023301118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2023301118","article-title":"The echo chamber effect on social media","volume":"118","author":"Cinelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1038\/386604a0","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of brain activation during a working memory task","volume":"386","author":"Cohen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0846","article-title":"The functional anatomy of inhibition processes investigated with the Hayling task","volume":"14","author":"Collette","year":"2001","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20118","article-title":"Exploring the unity and diversity of the neural substrates of executive functioning","volume":"25","author":"Collette","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn755","article-title":"Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain","volume":"3","author":"Corbetta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1006\/cbmr.1996.0014","article-title":"AFNI: software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages","volume":"29","author":"Cox","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comput. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2016.0475","article-title":"FMRI clustering in AFNI: false-positive rates redux","volume":"7","author":"Cox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2021.102497","article-title":"Total shutdowns, targeted restrictions, or individual responsibility: how to promote social distancing in the COVID-19 era?","volume":"79","author":"Cronin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Health Econ."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00191-4","article-title":"Neuroimaging of cognitive functions in human parietal cortex","volume":"11","author":"Culham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3598","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad181","article-title":"The functional role of the precuneus","volume":"146","author":"Dadario","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37825","article-title":"Echo chambers: emotional contagion and group polarization on Facebook","volume":"6","author":"Del Vicario","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.1999.1096","article-title":"Maintenance versus manipulation of information held in working memory: an event-related fMRI study","volume":"41","author":"D'Esposito","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7744","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4720-13.2014","article-title":"Brain substrates of recovery from misleading influence","volume":"34","author":"Edelson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1145\/3555589","article-title":"Adherence to misinformation on social media through socio-cognitive and group-based processes","volume":"6","author":"Efstratiou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.12.013","article-title":"Dissociable parietal regions facilitate successful retrieval of recently learned and personally familiar information","volume":"51","author":"Elman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 27","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2016.00027","article-title":"Resting-state coupling between core regions within the central-executive and salience networks contributes to working memory performance","volume":"10","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G* power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G* power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7943","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58298-y","article-title":"The influence of the precuneus on the medial temporal cortex determines the subjective quality of memory during the retrieval of naturalistic episodes","volume":"14","author":"Foudil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.20.276782","article-title":"COVID-19-related misinformation on social media: a systematic review","volume":"99","author":"Gabarron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00738-9","article-title":"Prefrontal-amygdala circuits in social decision-making","volume":"24","author":"Gangopadhyay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14561","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14561","article-title":"The truth is in there: belief processes in the human brain","volume":"61","author":"Gerchen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6923e2","article-title":"Knowledge and practices regarding safe household cleaning and disinfection for the COVID-19 prevention \u2013 United States, may 2020","volume":"69","author":"Gharpure","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"key":"ref45","author":"Ghebreyesus","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113038","article-title":"The neural basis of decision making","volume":"30","author":"Gold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.003","article-title":"Exploring the neural substrates of misinformation processing","volume":"106","author":"Gordon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.03.014","article-title":"Keeping track of \u2018alternative facts\u2019: the neural correlates of processing misinformation corrections","volume":"193","author":"Gordon","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-21988-x","article-title":"Trust in official information as a key predictor of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance: evidence from a Czech longitudinal survey study","volume":"25","author":"Grygarova","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2023.100299","article-title":"Trust and vaccine hesitancy during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-national analysis","volume":"14","author":"Jennings","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine: X"},{"key":"ref51","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.20.6.1420","article-title":"Sources of the continued influence effect: when misinformation in memory affects later inferences","volume":"20","author":"Johnson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-1213","article-title":"Association between caseload surge and COVID-19 survival in 558 U.S. hospitals, march to august 20202","volume":"174","author":"Kadri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073915601228","article-title":"Emotion and false memory","volume":"8","author":"Kaplan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emot. Rev."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721421990081","article-title":"Guiding the emotion in emotional memories: the role of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex","volume":"30","author":"Kensinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5973.12447","article-title":"Debunking misinformation in times of crisis: exploring misinformation correction strategies for effective internal crisis communication","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Contingencies Crisis Manage."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0236-05.2005","article-title":"An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study of voluntary and stimulus-driven orienting of attention","volume":"25","author":"Kincade","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2012.00171","article-title":"101 labeled brain images and a consistent human cortical labeling protocol","volume":"6","author":"Klein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.02.047","article-title":"Distinct neural mechanisms of risk and ambiguity: a meta-analysis of decision-making","volume":"32","author":"Krain","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-17345-5","article-title":"Institutional trust is a distinct construct related to vaccine hesitancy and refusal","volume":"23","author":"Krastev","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.2.255","article-title":"Episodic retrieval activates the precuneus irrespective of the imagery content of word pair associates: a PET study","volume":"122","author":"Krause","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100612451018","article-title":"Misinformation and its correction","volume":"13","author":"Lewandowsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci. Public Interest"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.03.001","article-title":"The first step for neuroimaging data analysis: DICOM to NIfTI conversion","volume":"264","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01056-1","article-title":"Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA","volume":"5","author":"Loomba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41235-024-00607-0","article-title":"Emotions in misinformation studies: distinguishing affective state from emotional response and misinformation recognition from acceptance","volume":"9","author":"Luhring","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cognit. Res. Princ. Implic."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.12.030","article-title":"Causal role of a neural system for separating and selecting multidimensional social cognitive information","volume":"111","author":"Mahmoodi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429295379-10","article-title":"False attitudes: byproducts of an adaptive knowledge base?","volume-title":"The psychology of fake news","author":"Marsh","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s41235-020-00252-3","article-title":"Reliance on emotion promotes belief in fake news","volume":"5","author":"Martel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cognit. Res.: Princ. Implic."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.37201\/req\/122.2022","article-title":"Insights for COVID-19 in 2023","volume":"36","author":"Mart\u00edn S\u00e1nchez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. de Quimioterapia"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9995","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36192-3","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left middle frontal gyrus modulates the information people communicate in different social contexts","volume":"13","author":"Martin-Luengo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-014954","article-title":"Consolidating memories","volume":"66","author":"McGaugh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"e698E","article-title":"Perception of exaggeration or fear propagated by the media among the Peruvian population during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"39","author":"Mejia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cuban J. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916231185057","article-title":"Social drivers and algorithmic mechanisms on digital media","volume":"19","author":"Metzler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20200140","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0140","article-title":"Trust in information, political identity and the brain: an interdisciplinary fMRI study","volume":"376","author":"Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0186071","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186071","article-title":"Discrete pre-processing step effects in registration-based pipelines, a preliminary volumetric study on T1-weighted images","volume":"12","author":"Muncy","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc\/170564","volume-title":"Mortality in the United States, 2023. NCHS Data Brief, no 521","author":"Murphy","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.10.009","article-title":"Human amygdala activations during nasal chemoreception","volume":"78","author":"Patin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3328","article-title":"The primate amygdala combines information about space and value","volume":"16","author":"Peck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-01193-y","article-title":"PsychoPy2: experiments in behavior made easy","volume":"51","author":"Peirce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797620939054","article-title":"Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy-nudge intervention","volume":"31","author":"Pennycook","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref81","year":""},{"key":"ref82","year":""},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.09.025","article-title":"Contributions of the amygdala to emotion processing: from animal models to human behavior","volume":"48","author":"Phelps","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsz034","article-title":"Ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal interactions underlie will to fight and die for a cause","volume":"14","author":"Pretus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2004.09.016","article-title":"Neurocognitive mechanisms of cognitive control: the role of prefrontal cortex in action selection, response inhibition, performance monitoring, and reward-based learning","volume":"56","author":"Ridderinkhof","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 24","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2013.00024","article-title":"Retrieval, monitoring, and control processes: a 7 tesla fMRI approach to memory accuracy","volume":"7","author":"Risius","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21041","article-title":"Nonlinear amygdala response to face trustworthiness: contributions of high and low spatial frequency information","volume":"21","author":"Said","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13294","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13294","article-title":"Adaptation to SARS-CoV-2 under stress: role of distorted information","volume":"50","author":"Sharov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051","article-title":"Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-021-01232-8","article-title":"The role of discomfort in the continued influence effect of misinformation","volume":"50","author":"Susmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1109\/TPC.2020.3029685","article-title":"Misinformation harms: a tale of two humanitarian crises","volume":"63","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Prof. Commun."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn140","article-title":"Inferior parietal lobule supports decision making under uncertainty in humans","volume":"19","author":"Vickery","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9559","article-title":"The spread of true and false news online","volume":"359","author":"Vosoughi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0165-4","article-title":"The coding of valence and identity in the mammalian taste system","volume":"558","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.143","article-title":"Multi-atlas segmentation with joint label fusion","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3450","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25445","article-title":"Neural representations of the amount and the delay time of reward in intertemporal decision making","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08705-9","article-title":"Basis functions for complex social decisions in dorsomedial frontal cortex","volume":"641","author":"Wittmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref98","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref99","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref100","year":""},{"key":"ref101","year":""},{"key":"ref102","year":""},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.08.038","article-title":"Neural signatures of social conformity: a coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies","volume":"71","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2022.102935","article-title":"Investigation of the determinants for misinformation correction effectiveness on social media during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Manag."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B2300401","article-title":"Aberrant dynamic functional connectivity of thalamocortical circuitry in major depressive disorder","volume":"25","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imp.2021.102554","article-title":"Characterizing the dissemination of misinformation on social media in health emergencies: an empirical study based on COVID-19","volume":"58","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Manag."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1661523\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T07:36:56Z","timestamp":1771918616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1661523\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"references-count":105,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2025.1661523"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1661523","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"article-number":"1661523"}}