{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:57:26Z","timestamp":1792623446718,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disease characterized by degeneration of spinal cord motor neurons and neuromuscular junctions. Despite recent developments in therapies for SMA, treatment efficacy largely relies on the administration of drugs early in disease progression and is impacted by underlying patient genetics. Drug discovery for other diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) has also been hindered by heterogeneity in patient genetics and clinical presentations, as well as the need for early intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To address these hurdles, we utilized a chemical-genetic-based screening approach to adapt the Connectivity Map (CMAP)\/L1000 platform to study SMA. To do this, we differentiated moderate and severe SMA patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells into neuronal cells utilizing a forward programming differentiation protocol, exposed each to 360 neuroactive or CNS disease-related compounds, and interrogated resulting changes in expression of &amp;gt;400 neural genes in a platform we term CMAP\n                      <jats:sub>neuro<\/jats:sub>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In doing so, we generated 4,559 transcriptional profiles identifying stimuli that modulate gene expression differences across SMA neurons. Finally, we make these data queryable, allowing the research community to (1) identify CNS disease-related perturbagens that mimic or reverse differentially expressed genes, or (2) explore the transcriptional response of a given perturbation in diverse SMA neuronal cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Taken together, CMAP\n                      <jats:sub>neuro<\/jats:sub>\n                      represents a novel tool to identify candidate stimuli for follow-up investigation into the biology of SMA and related disorders.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1695359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T06:37:17Z","timestamp":1770187037000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An induced pluripotent stem cell-based chemical genetic approach for studying spinal muscular atrophy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Giadone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Harvard Stem Cell Institute","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina M.","family":"Holton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Harvard Stem Cell Institute","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Harvard Stem Cell Institute","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ted","family":"Natoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Harvard Stem Cell Institute","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley P.","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Harvard Stem Cell Institute","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard","place":["Cambridge, MA, United 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