{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T14:07:55Z","timestamp":1769263675702,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has emerged as a promising neuroimaging modality for investigating cortical activity in auditory and vestibular domains. Its portability, device compatibility, and motion tolerance make it particularly suited for use in populations that are challenging to study with conventional neuroimaging techniques, such as infants and cochlear implant (CI) users. The present study aims to explore the potential and limitations of this neuroimaging technique in the audiological and vestibular fields, offering an integrated perspective across pediatric, adult and elderly populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A narrative review of studies using fNIRS in hearing loss, tinnitus, and vestibular disorders was conducted through searches in PubMed and Scopus up to March 2025. Studies were included if they employed fNIRS to investigate cortical responses in individuals with diagnosed hearing loss, chronic tinnitus or to investigate vestibular function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 60 studies were reviewed: 36 on hearing loss, 11 on tinnitus, and 13 on vestibular disorders. In hearing research, fNIRS successfully identified cortical activation patterns related to auditory perception, speech processing, and cross-modal plasticity in CI users across development, adulthood and aging. The technique showed prognostic potential in predicting CI outcomes and monitoring listening effort and cognitive load. In tinnitus research, fNIRS consistently demonstrate hyper-activation in the auditory cortex and altered functional connectivity with frontal-limbic networks, reflecting sensory, cognitive, and emotional involvement. The technique was sensitive to treatment effects following interventions such as transcranial stimulation, acupuncture, and cochlear implantation. In vestibular research, fNIRS enabled the mapping of cortical networks involved in balance control and multisensory integration during various stimulation paradigms, including caloric testing, motion platforms, and optic flow in virtual environments. Although current applications are mostly exploratory, findings suggest fNIRS can capture vestibular-related cortical activity in real-world conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>fNIRS offers a valuable, non-invasive, and ecologically valid method for investigating auditory and vestibular function across the lifespan. In hearing and tinnitus research, it shows strong potential for clinical translation, especially if methodological standardization is achieved. Applications in vestibular research remain preliminary but promising.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1703917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T06:46:57Z","timestamp":1769150817000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A narrative review of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) applications in hearing loss, tinnitus and vestibular disorders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Davide","family":"Brotto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padova","place":["Padova, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaia","family":"Lucarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova","place":["Padova, Italy"]},{"name":"Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova","place":["Padova, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Del Vecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hearing and Balance Unit, Department of Head and Neck, Federico II University Hospital","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Galoforo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padova","place":["Padova, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Lovato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padova","place":["Padova, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Colavolpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova","place":["Padova, Italy"]},{"name":"Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova","place":["Padova, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giusy","family":"Melcarne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padova","place":["Padova, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gino","family":"Marioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phoniatrics and Audiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padova","place":["Treviso, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judit","family":"Gervain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova","place":["Padova, Italy"]},{"name":"Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova","place":["Padova, Italy"]},{"name":"Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9 & CNRS","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna Rita","family":"Fetoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hearing and Balance Unit, Department of Head and Neck, Federico II University Hospital","place":["Naples, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, Audiology Section, University of Naples Federico II","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Trevisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padova","place":["Padova, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova","place":["Padova, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627888","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1627888","article-title":"Cross-modal neuroplasticity in partial hearing loss: a mini-review","volume":"19","author":"Aguiar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125231213167","article-title":"Motor processing in children with cochlear implants as assessed by functional near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"131","author":"Alemi","year":"","journal-title":"Percept. Motor Skills"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2023.110817","article-title":"Audiovisual integration in children with cochlear implants revealed through EEG and fNIRS","volume":"205","author":"Alemi","year":"","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-019-00729-z","article-title":"Pre-operative brain imaging using functional near-infrared spectroscopy helps predict cochlear implant outcome in deaf adults","volume":"20","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14010075","article-title":"Localization of vestibular cortex using electrical cortical stimulation: a systematic literature review","volume":"14","author":"Arvaniti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC53108.2024.10781642","article-title":"Neural correlates of speech comprehension in normal hearing individuals and cochlear implant users - An fNIRS study in quiet and noisy environments,\u201d in","volume":"2024","author":"Balint","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24981","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024981","article-title":"The developmental trajectory of brain-scalp distance from birth through childhood: implications for functional neuroimaging","volume":"6","author":"Beauchamp","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10050307","article-title":"Auditory and visual response inhibition in children with bilateral hearing aids and children with ADHD,\u201d","volume":"10","author":"Bell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89481-0","article-title":"Hearing brain evaluated using near-infrared spectroscopy in congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"11","author":"Bertachini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_JSLHR-L-14-0278","article-title":"Functional near-infrared spectroscopy brain imaging investigation of phonological awareness and passage comprehension abilities in adult recipients of cochlear implants","volume":"59","author":"Bisconti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10558-x","article-title":"Neuroimaging studies in persistent postural-perceptual dizziness and related disease: a systematic review","volume":"269","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4382656","article-title":"Cross-modal functional reorganization of visual and auditory cortex in adult cochlear implant users identified with fNIRS","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural. Plast"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.09.033","article-title":"Enhanced visual adaptation in cochlear implant users revealed by concurrent EEG-fNIRS","volume":"146","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892894","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1007925","article-title":"Children's neural sensitivity to prosodic features of natural speech and its significance to speech development in cochlear implanted children","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70035","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.70035","article-title":"Individualized post-operative prediction of cochlear implantation outcomes in children with prelingual deafness using functional near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Laryng. Investig. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/21695717.2022.2084866","article-title":"The recognition of human voice in deaf and hearing infants","volume":"20","author":"Co\u00ebz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hear. Balance Commun"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcae175","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcae175","article-title":"Cross-modal plasticity in children with cochlear implant: converging evidence from EEG and functional near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"6","author":"Deroche","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2015.03.007","article-title":"Cortical cross-modal plasticity following deafness measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"325","author":"Dewey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hear. Res"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.b.20031","article-title":"\u201cPerspective on the vestibular cortex throughout history,\u201d","volume":"280","author":"Duque-Parra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anatomical Record. Part B, New Anatomist"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001564","article-title":"Resting-state functional connectivity predicts cochlear-implant speech outcomes","volume":"46","author":"Esmaelpoor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-024-01255-7","article-title":"Changes in temporal lobe activation during a sound stimulation task in patients with sensorineural tinnitus: a multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"23","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11111439","article-title":"Use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy to predict and measure cochlear implant outcomes: a scoping review","volume":"11","author":"Harrison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015005","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.11.1.015005","article-title":"Neuroimaging evidence of visual-vestibular interaction accounting for perceptual mislocalization induced by head rotation","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurophotonics"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16041","article-title":"Galvanic vestibular stimulation activates the parietal and temporal cortex in humans: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study","volume":"58","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Rom\u00e1n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.08.034","article-title":"Changes in cerebral activation in individuals with and without visual vertigo during optic flow: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"20","author":"Hoppes","year":"","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0193710","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193710","article-title":"Functional near-infrared spectroscopy during optic flow with and without fixation","volume":"13","author":"Hoppes","year":"","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334660","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1334660","article-title":"Application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in tinnitus research: contemporary insights and perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762492","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.762492","article-title":"Notched sound alleviates tinnitus by reorganization emotional center","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.31687","article-title":"fNIRS changes in the middle temporal and occipital cortices after a cochlear implant","volume":"135","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6579","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S550296","article-title":"Predicting Individual response to acupuncture in sensorineural tinnitus using integrated functional near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning: protocol for a model development and validation study","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthcare"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.03869.x","article-title":"Vertigo and cerebral hemoglobin changes during unilateral caloric stimulation: a near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"1164","author":"Iida","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals New York Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7453149","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7453149","article-title":"Human auditory and adjacent nonauditory cerebral cortices are hypermetabolic in tinnitus as measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)","volume":"2016","author":"Issa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543023","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1543023","article-title":"Peripheral-central correlation study of acupuncture for chronic tinnitus study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.459","article-title":"Functional brain regions linked to tinnitus pathology and compensation during task performance: a systematic review","volume":"169","author":"Jimoh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. Official J. Am. Acad. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10726","article-title":"Reappraisal of the human vestibular cortex by cortical electrical stimulation study","volume":"54","author":"Kahane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals Neurol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.02.010","article-title":"Functional brain imaging of multi-sensory vestibular processing during computerized dynamic posturography using near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"74","author":"Karim","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.02.061","article-title":"Neuroimaging to detect cortical projection of vestibular response to caloric stimulation in young and older adults using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)","volume":"76","author":"Karim","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.10.016","article-title":"Detection of cerebral oxyhaemoglobin changes during vestibular Coriolis cross-coupling stimulation using near infrared spectroscopy","volume":"394","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020196","article-title":"Cortical activity linked to clocking in deaf adults: fnirs insights with static and animated stimuli presentation","volume":"11","author":"Laurent","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001325","article-title":"The use of heart rate responses extracted from functional near-infrared spectroscopy data as a measure of speech discrimination ability in sleeping infants","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.7874\/jao.2024.00318","article-title":"Functional near-infrared spectroscopy analysis of the cognitive functions of elderly patients with hearing loss","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Audiol. Otol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadx1327","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adx1327","article-title":"Developmental alterations in brain network asymmetry in 3- to 9-month infants with congenital sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9165","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad192","article-title":"Functional connectivity changes in infants with varying degrees of unilateral hearing loss","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cerebr. Cortex"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.07.008","article-title":"Illuminating the developing brain: the past, present and future of functional near infrared spectroscopy","volume":"34","author":"Lloyd-Fox","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Revi."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449455","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1449455","article-title":"Age-related differences of subjective visual vertical perception in adults-a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"16","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B46","author":"Luck","year":"2014","journal-title":"An Introduction to the Event-Related Potential Technique"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-024-01070-2","article-title":"Neuroplasticity of speech-in-noise processing in older adults assessed by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)","volume":"37","author":"Mai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041285","article-title":"Tinnitus and its comorbidities: a comprehensive analysis of their relationships","volume":"14","author":"Maihoub","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149561","article-title":"Cortical tinnitus evaluation using functional near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"1855","author":"Martins","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-022-07366-y","article-title":"Depression scores and quality of life of vertiginous patients, suffering from different vestibular disorders","volume":"279","author":"Moln\u00e1r","year":"2022","journal-title":"EUFOS"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15101272","article-title":"Utility and challenges of imaging in peripheral vestibular disorder diagnosis: a narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Musat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00308","article-title":"The benefit of cross-modal reorganization on speech perception in pediatric cochlear implant recipients revealed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"14","author":"Mushtaq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Human Neurosci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00125","article-title":"\u201cCerebral hemodynamic responses to the sensory conflict between visual and rotary vestibular stimuli: an analysis with a multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) system","volume":"14","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Human Neurosci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.10.014","article-title":"\u201cChanged crossmodal functional connectivity in older adults with hearing loss,\u201d","volume":"86","author":"Puschmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.04.023","article-title":"Audio-visual speech processing in age-related hearing loss: Stronger integration and increased frontal lobe recruitment,\u201d","volume":"175","author":"Rosemann","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.12.046","article-title":"\u201cNeural signatures of working memory in age-related hearing loss","volume":"429","author":"Rosemann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331216519886722","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216519886722","article-title":"\u201cFunctional near-infrared spectroscopy as a measure of listening effort in older adults who use hearing aids","volume":"23","author":"Rovetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Hear."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres12010001","volume":"12","author":"Saksida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Audiol. Res."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001561","article-title":"Tinnitus and auditory cortex: using adapted functional near-infrared spectroscopy to measure resting-state functional connectivity","volume":"32","author":"San Juan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0179150","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179150","article-title":"Tinnitus alters resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) in human auditory and non-auditory brain regions as measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS),\u201d","volume":"12","author":"San Juan","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894203","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/894203","article-title":"Functional near-infrared spectroscopy to probe state- and trait-like conditions in chronic tinnitus: a proof-of-principle study","volume":"2014","author":"Schecklmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2010.09.010","article-title":"Neuroimaging with near-infrared spectroscopy demonstrates speech-evoked activity in the auditory cortex of deaf children following cochlear implantation","volume":"270","author":"Sevy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104737","article-title":"Contralateral dominance to speech in the adult auditory cortex immediately after cochlear implantation","volume":"25","author":"Shader","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-023-00981-w","article-title":"Sound level changes the auditory cortical activation detected with functional near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"36","author":"Sheffield","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e75323","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.75323","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex supports speech perception in listeners with cochlear implants","volume":"11","author":"Sherafati","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad731d","article-title":"Cochlear implant induced changes in cortical networks associated with tinnitus severity","volume":"21","author":"Shoushtarian","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103188","article-title":"A direct comparison of voice pitch processing in acoustic and electric hearing","volume":"36","author":"Steinmetzger","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00149","article-title":"cortical activation patterns of different masking noises and correlation with their masking efficacy, determined by functional near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Human Neurosci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00620","article-title":"Cerebral hemodynamic responses during dynamic posturography: analysis with a multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy system","volume":"9","author":"Takakura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Human Neurosci."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v14.i10.1547","article-title":"Brain networks in newborns and infants with and without sensorineural hearing loss: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"14","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041476","article-title":"Cortical effects of noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation using functional near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"21","author":"Vald\u00e9s","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-022-00729-3","article-title":"The experience of vertigo: a systematic review of neuroimaging studies","volume":"16","author":"Varangot-Reille","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Imag. Behav."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.5152\/iao.2019.6022","article-title":"Functional near-infrared spectroscopy to probe tDCS-induced cortical functioning changes in tinnitus","volume":"15","author":"Verma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Adv. Otol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498666","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1498666","article-title":"Impact of hearing loss on brain signal variability in older adults under different auditory load conditions","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5438","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac025","article-title":"Differential auditory cortical development in left and right cochlear implanted children","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705741","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.705741","article-title":"The neural processing of vocal emotion after hearing reconstruction in prelingual deaf children: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy brain imaging study","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13568","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13568","article-title":"Speech-processing network formation of cochlear-implanted toddlers with early hearing experiences","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.14105","article-title":"Anti-phasic oscillatory development for speech and noise processing in cochlear implanted toddlers","volume":"95","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2022.3231899","article-title":"Effect of acupuncture treatment on cortical activation in patients with tinnitus: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"31","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transact. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012101","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.8.1.012101","article-title":"Best practices for fNIRS publications","volume":"8","author":"Y\u00fccel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurophotonics"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280015","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1280015","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2023"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12091150","article-title":"The effects of cortical reorganization and applications of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in deaf people and cochlear implant users","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86850","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216518786850","article-title":"Cortical speech processing in postlingually deaf adult cochlear implant users, as revealed by functional near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Hear."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126813","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1126813","article-title":"Cortical responses correlate with speech performance in pre-lingually deaf cochlear implant children","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1703917\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T06:46:58Z","timestamp":1769150818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1703917\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2025.1703917"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1703917","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"article-number":"1703917"}}