{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T12:43:16Z","timestamp":1793191396512,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSERC Discovery Grant","award":["RGPIN-2022-03148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2022-03148"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\/Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","award":["A-FQM-532-UGR20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A-FQM-532-UGR20"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\/Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\/Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","award":["PID2020-115184RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115184RB-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Upper limb movement execution is affected in patients with vision impairments resulting from ocular pathologies or binocular anomalies. Deficits in motor performance have been correlated with reduced contrast sensitivity, phoria, and stereoacuity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the effects of increased straylight induced by Bangerter foils on binocular visual function and examine the corresponding impact on eye-hand kinematics during a high precision reaching, grasping and placement task (i.e., bead threading).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-one healthy participants, aged 21\u201341\u202fyears, participated in this experimental study. Visual function assessment included visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity (CS), stereoacuity (SA), phoria, and fusional vergences (FV). Vision was impaired experimentally using Bangerter foils 0.4. Participants performed a bead threading task under three randomized viewing conditions: binocular baseline (BB; normal vision), binocular viewing with a foil over the dominant eye (FDE), and foils over both eyes (FBE). Eye and hand movements were recorded using an eye tracker and a motion capture camera.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Visual functions (VA, CS, and stereoacuity) were impaired when viewing with the Bangerter foils. Pairwise comparison between viewing conditions confirmed statistically significant differences between BB, FDE and FBE for mid to high spatial frequencies (6, 12 and 18\u202fcycles per degree;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). Break points for positive and negative fusional reserves were impaired when interocular differences increased (i.e., FDE condition). The impairment did not have any impact on phoria. Results from the kinematic analysis revealed threading duration was prolonged using Bangerter foils on both eyes (FBE condition). In contrast to the hypothesis, visual deficit due to foils did not affect any other kinematic measures. However, results from mixed model analyses revealed that individual differences in phoria and fusional vergence had the most significant influence on reaching performance. Specifically, a larger exophoria magnitude was associated with longer reach duration, lower peak velocity and prolonged total time to complete the task (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inducing short-term deterioration through the alteration of contrast sensitivity at high spatial frequencies without a clinical deterioration in stereopsis does not have a significant impact on precision grasping and placing movements, in a repetitive manual task. Notably, this study demonstrated that phoria impacts the execution of reaching movements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1708514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T06:35:25Z","timestamp":1765953325000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Contribution of binocular visual function and its impairment by Bangerter foils to the performance of a precision reaching, grasping and placing task in healthy adults"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Pilar","family":"Granados-Delgado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Casares-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Juan","family":"Castro-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Niechwiej-Szwedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13268","article-title":"Simulation of visual impairment in persons with normal vision for scientific research","volume":"44","author":"Abraham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2010.12.012","article-title":"Development of motor fusion in patients with a history of strabismic amblyopia who are treated part-time with Bangerter foils","volume":"15","author":"Abrams","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. AAPOS"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.02.023","article-title":"Treatment of anisometropic amblyopia with spectacles or in combination with translucent Bangerter filters","volume":"116","author":"Agervi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.424715","article-title":"Visual performance after deterioration of retinal image quality: induced forward scattering using Bangerter foils and fog filters","volume":"12","author":"Castro-Torres","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15224","article-title":"The effect of Bangerter filters on binocular function in observers with amblyopia","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1990.100","article-title":"Comparing clinical tests of visual function in cataract with the patients\u2019 perceived visual disability","volume":"4","author":"Elliott","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eye (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00959","article-title":"Binocular advantage for prehension movements performed in visually enriched environments requiring visual search","volume":"8","author":"Gnanaseelan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2007.00476.x","article-title":"Reaching and grasping with restricted peripheral vision","volume":"27","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Alvarez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"917","article-title":"Stereoacuity degradation by experimental and real monocular and binocular amblyopia","volume":"26","author":"Goodwin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.3390\/life14111354","article-title":"The role of visual performance in fine motor skills","volume":"14","author":"Granados-Delgado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2014.11.009","article-title":"Reach-to-precision grasp deficits in amblyopia: effects of object contrast and low visibility","volume":"114","author":"Grant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.15.21","article-title":"Reach kinematics during binocular viewing in 7- to 12-year-old children with strabismus","volume":"62","author":"Kelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2025.108612","article-title":"Functional consequences of amblyopia and its impact on health-related quality of life","volume":"231","author":"Kelly","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3798","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11582","article-title":"Binocular vision and eye movement disorders in older adults","volume":"54","author":"Leat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05231-y","article-title":"Outcomes of using Bangerter foils for the treatment of residual amblyopia following patching therapy","volume":"259","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1989.tb01863.x","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity in macular degeneration and the relation to subjective visual impairment","volume":"67","author":"Lennerstrand","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.04.065","article-title":"Real depth vs Randot stereotests","volume":"142","author":"Leske","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17694","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45057-8","article-title":"Effects of alcohol consumption on driving performance in the presence of interocular differences simulated by filters","volume":"13","author":"Martino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20031751","article-title":"Influence of interocular differences and alcohol consumption on binocular visual performance","volume":"20","author":"Martino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12992","article-title":"Effect of interocular differences on binocular visual performance after inducing forward scattering","volume":"42","author":"Martino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3711","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-3229","article-title":"Grasping deficits and adaptations in adults with stereo vision losses","volume":"50","author":"Melmoth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-0273-x","article-title":"Advantages of binocular vision for the control of reaching and grasping","volume":"171","author":"Melmoth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-007-1041-x","article-title":"Dissociation between vergence and binocular disparity cues in the control of prehension","volume":"183","author":"Melmoth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-021-06052-5","article-title":"Stereopsis contributes to the predictive control of grip forces during prehension","volume":"239","author":"Mroczkowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"3302","article-title":"Eye-hand coordination in children with amblyopia and strabismus","volume":"65","author":"Niechwiej-Szwedo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20210461","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2021.0461","article-title":"The role of binocular vision in the control and development of visually guided upper limb movements","volume":"378","author":"Niechwiej-Szwedo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5853","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7314","article-title":"Effects of anisometropic amblyopia on visuomotor behaviour, III: temporal eye-hand coordination during reaching","volume":"52","author":"Niechwiej-Szwedo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2020.102721","article-title":"Test-retest repeatability reveals a temporal kinematic signature for an upper limb precision grasping task in adults","volume":"75","author":"Niechwiej-Szwedo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2020.102652","article-title":"Contribution of stereopsis, vergence, and accommodative function to the performance of a precision grasping and placement task in typically developing children aged 8\u201314 years","volume":"72","author":"Niechwiej-Szwedo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2008.04.012","article-title":"The effect of Bangerter filters on optotype acuity, Vernier acuity, and contrast sensitivity","volume":"12","author":"Odell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. AAPOS"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.7.5.937","article-title":"Nonveridical visual direction produced by monocular viewing","volume":"7","author":"Ono","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6951","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10952-z","article-title":"Speed management across road environments of varying complexities and self-regulation behaviours in drivers with cataract","volume":"12","author":"Ortiz-Peregrina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2010.00819.x","article-title":"How does the presence and duration of central visual impairment affect reaching and grasping movements?","volume":"31","author":"Pardhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3726","article-title":"Optical characterization of Bangerter foils","volume":"51","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8204","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10934","article-title":"The effect of degrading binocular single vision on fine visuomotor skill task performance","volume":"54","author":"Piano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.13.48","article-title":"Fine motor skills, reading speed, and self-reported quality of life in adults with amblyopia and\/or strabismus","volume":"65","author":"Rakshit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1068\/i0565","article-title":"The binocular advantage in visuomotor tasks involving tools","volume":"4","author":"Read","year":"2013","journal-title":"I-Perception"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"64","article-title":"The association of multiple visual impairments with self-reported visual disability: SEE project","volume":"42","author":"Rubin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref39","volume-title":"Clinical Management of Binocular Vision","author":"Scheiman","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(92)90207-Y","article-title":"The role of binocular vision in prehension: a kinematic analysis","volume":"32","author":"Servos","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0258678","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258678","article-title":"Exploring the effects of degraded vision on sensorimotor performance","volume":"16","author":"Sheppard","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18336","article-title":"Depth perception and grasp in central field loss","volume":"57","author":"Verghese","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/09273972.2021.1914677","article-title":"The effect of induced monocular blur by Bangerter filters on measures of visual acuity and stereoacuity","volume":"29","author":"Williamson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7753","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187753","article-title":"Investigation of camera-free eye-tracking glasses compared to a video-based system","volume":"23","author":"Zafar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804576","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.804576","article-title":"The effect of Bangerter filters on visual acuity and contrast sensitivity with external noise","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1708514\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T06:35:30Z","timestamp":1765953330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1708514\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2025.1708514"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1708514","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"article-number":"1708514"}}