{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T05:14:34Z","timestamp":1778130874305,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Enhanced signaling of dopamine and\/or serotonin during highly arousing situations can be reduced in part by monoamine transporters, such as plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT,\n                    <jats:italic>Slc29a4<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). An absence of selective pharmacological inhibitors means genetically modified mice constitutively deficient in PMAT remain the best tool for studying PMAT\u2019s organism-level functional effects. Fear conditioning is a high arousal process. Generalization of fear is evolutionarily advantageous, whereby information learned from one experience is applied to other new but similar encounters. Pathological fear generalization, in contrast, is a core feature of most anxiety disorders. Given our previous findings indicating PMAT function reduces male mice\u2019s context fear and enhances extinction of female mice\u2019s cued fear, we hypothesized PMAT would similarly reduce generalization (i.e., enhance discrimination) of context and cued fear in male and female mice, respectively. Our context and cued fear conditioning experiments in adult PMAT wildtype (+\/+) and heterozygous (+\/\u2212) male and female mice partially supported our hypotheses. We discovered PMAT facilitates extinction of contextually generalized fear, plus subsequent extinction of context-specific fear, selectively in females. Moreover, when specific fear cues or contexts were temporally presented before cues or contexts that were similar enough to make generalization possible, PMAT enhanced biological sex differences. Growing evidence reports common PMAT polymorphisms elicit measurable effects when PMAT function is reduced. Thus, we suspect future experiments may reveal positive associations between PMAT polymorphisms and risk for anxiety disorder symptoms, particularly in people assigned female at birth. Inclusion of these genetic variations in pharmacogenomic analyses may prove therapeutically beneficial.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1693593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T04:56:43Z","timestamp":1778129803000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PMAT enhances sexual dimorphism of fear behaviors and facilitates female mice\u2019s generalized contextual fear extinction"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Aliyah J.","family":"Ross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent Campus","place":["Kent, OH, United States"]},{"name":"Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent Campus","place":["Kent, OH, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren R.","family":"Scrimshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent Campus","place":["Kent, OH, United States"]},{"name":"Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent Campus","place":["Kent, OH, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren N.","family":"Stoner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent Campus","place":["Kent, OH, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jasmin N.","family":"Beaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent Campus","place":["Kent, OH, United States"]},{"name":"Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent Campus","place":["Kent, OH, United States"]},{"name":"Healthy Communities Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent Campus","place":["Kent, OH, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace A.","family":"Sonick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent Campus","place":["Kent, OH, United States"]},{"name":"Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent Campus","place":["Kent, OH, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee M.","family":"Gilman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent Campus","place":["Kent, OH, United States"]},{"name":"Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent Campus","place":["Kent, OH, United States"]},{"name":"Healthy Communities Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent Campus","place":["Kent, OH, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.10.003","article-title":"Fear conditioning and stimulus generalization in patients with social anxiety disorder","volume":"44","author":"Ahrens","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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