{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T07:02:39Z","timestamp":1772434959740,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postoperative anorexia is a highly prevalent condition among surgical patients, which exerting a profound impact on their recovery trajectories and nutritional status. The underlying mechanisms are complex and multifactorial, including neuroendocrine dysregulation, activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, and the interaction between psychological processes and pathological conditions. Emerging evidence underscores the significant role of altered hunger and satiety perception, cognitive modulation of food-related cues, and emotion-driven behavioral responses in the regulation of postoperative appetite. Despite these insights, there are currently no definitive targeted interventions available to effectively restore appetite in the postoperative setting. This narrative review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of appetite regulation, delineates key biological and psychosocial factors contributing to postoperative anorexia, and systematically synthesizes current clinical assessment approaches, and discusses emerging therapeutic strategies. By integrating insights from physiology, cognition, and affective science of postoperative anorexia, this narrative review seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis, assessment, and the current therapeutic strategies of postoperative anorexia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1710656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T06:32:35Z","timestamp":1772433155000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanisms of postoperative anorexia in surgical patients: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yanbo","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University","place":["Kunming, China"]},{"name":"Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhichun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Caoxian People\u2019s Hospital, Heze","place":["Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunyun","family":"Cen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanli","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yan\u2019an Hospital of Kunming City","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengbin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University","place":["Kunming, China"]},{"name":"Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang","place":["Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"Zhanjiang Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Repair of Digestive System Organ Injuries, Zhanjiang","place":["Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0224540","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224540","article-title":"Early recognition of anorexia through patient-generated assessment predicts survival in patients with oesophagogastric cancer.","volume":"14","author":"Abraham","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2008.08.005","article-title":"Brain regulation of appetite and satiety.","volume":"37","author":"Ahima","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2024.101895","article-title":"The vagus nerve mediates the physiological but not pharmacological effects of PYY(3-36) on food intake.","volume":"81","author":"Alonso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116931","article-title":"Effects of hunger, satiety and oral glucose on effective connectivity between hypothalamus and insular cortex.","volume":"217","author":"Al-Zubaidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00837-6","article-title":"Gut bacterial ClpB-like gene function is associated with decreased body weight and a characteristic microbiota profile.","volume":"8","author":"Arnoriaga-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16915","article-title":"Safety of TCMCB07, a melanocortin-4 antagonist peptide, in dogs with naturally occurring cachexia.","volume":"37","author":"Axiak-Bechtel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-18-0596","article-title":"The melanocortin pathway and control of appetite-progress and therapeutic implications.","volume":"241","author":"Baldini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5701","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15940","article-title":"A novel, centrally acting mammalian aminosterol, ENT-03, induces weight loss in obese and lean rodents.","volume":"26","author":"Barbut","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-04019-x","article-title":"Hypothalamic inflammation in metabolic disorders and aging.","volume":"79","author":"Bhusal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-015-2826-2","article-title":"The assessment of anorexia in patients with cancer: Cut-off values for the FAACT-A\/CS and the VAS for appetite.","volume":"24","author":"Blauwhoff-Buskermolen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422423000100","article-title":"Re-assessing the role of peri-operative nutritional therapy in patients with pancreatic cancer undergoing surgery: A narrative review.","volume":"37","author":"Bouloubasi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1421420112","article-title":"A peripheral endocannabinoid mechanism contributes to glucocorticoid-mediated metabolic syndrome.","volume":"112","author":"Bowles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9418","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20217","article-title":"Invited review: Mechanisms of hypophagia during disease.","volume":"104","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.10.046","article-title":"The vagus nerve in appetite regulation, mood, and intestinal inflammation.","volume":"152","author":"Browning","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.126706","article-title":"Increased colonic propionate reduces anticipatory reward responses in the human striatum to high-energy foods.","volume":"104","author":"Byrne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2024.107512","article-title":"Neural circuits regulation of satiation.","volume":"200","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12040431","article-title":"Integrative hedonic and homeostatic food intake regulation by the central nervous system: Insights from neuroimaging.","volume":"12","author":"Campos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-132","article-title":"Molecular and cellular neuroinflammatory status of mouse brain after systemic lipopolysaccharide challenge: Importance of CCR2\/CCL2 signaling.","volume":"11","author":"Cazareth","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8928","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21238928","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 and interleukin-1\u03b2 acutely inhibit AgRP neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.","volume":"21","author":"Chaves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.10.007","article-title":"The emerging science of interoception: Sensing, integrating, interpreting, and regulating signals within the self.","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23770","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202400289R","article-title":"High-intensity interval training improves hypothalamic inflammation by suppressing HIF-1\u03b1 signaling in microglia of male C57BL\/6J mice.","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.74","article-title":"Ghrelin and its analogues as therapeutic agents for anorexia and cachexia in end-stage renal disease.","volume":"76","author":"Cheung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8225","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1162-19.2019","article-title":"Parabrachial complex: A hub for pain and aversion.","volume":"39","author":"Chiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7483","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0251-2","article-title":"Dexamethasone alters the appetite regulation via induction of hypothalamic insulin resistance in rat brain.","volume":"54","author":"Chruvattil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801913","article-title":"The arcuate nucleus as a conduit for diverse signals relevant to energy homeostasis.","volume":"25","author":"Cone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes Relat. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26030682","article-title":"The protective role of butyrate against obesity and obesity-related diseases.","volume":"26","author":"Coppola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.10.006","article-title":"Appetite change profiles in depression exhibit differential relationships between systemic inflammation and activity in reward and interoceptive neurocircuitry.","volume":"83","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101407","article-title":"Anorectic and aversive effects of GLP-1 receptor agonism are mediated by brainstem cholecystokinin neurons, and modulated by GIP receptor activation.","volume":"55","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8515","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0569-18.2018","article-title":"Cholecystokinin switches the plasticity of GABA synapses in the dorsomedial hypothalamus via astrocytic ATP release.","volume":"38","author":"Crosby","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2009.03.012","article-title":"Validation of a simplified anorexia questionnaire.","volume":"38","author":"Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom. Manage."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B324","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/54.8.b324","article-title":"Impaired sensory functioning in elders: The relation with its potential determinants and nutritional intake.","volume":"54","author":"de Jong","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201404169","article-title":"Defective NOD2 peptidoglycan sensing promotes diet-induced inflammation, dysbiosis, and insulin resistance.","volume":"7","author":"Denou","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12070900","article-title":"TNF\u03b1-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction alter hypothalamic neurogenesis and promote appetite versus satiety neuropeptide expression in mice.","volume":"12","author":"Desai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092115","article-title":"Effects of macronutrients on the in vitro production of ClpB, a bacterial mimetic protein of \u03b1-MSH and its possible role in satiety signaling.","volume":"11","author":"Dominique","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072223","article-title":"Effects of bacterial CLPB protein fragments on food intake and PYY secretion.","volume":"13","author":"Dominique","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1159\/000096291","article-title":"Reduced ingestion of sweetened milk induced by interleukin-1 and lipopolysaccharide is associated with induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in brain endothelia.","volume":"13","author":"Dunn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-01203-z","article-title":"Leptin and psychiatric illnesses: Does leptin play a role in antipsychotic-induced weight gain?","volume":"19","author":"Endomba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2022.12.001","article-title":"Ghrelin activates the mesolimbic dopamine system via nitric oxide associated mechanisms in the ventral tegmental area.","volume":"131","author":"Engel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.29219\/fnr.v62.1366","DOI":"10.29219\/fnr.v62.1366","article-title":"Assessment of nutritional status in the elderly: A proposed function-driven model.","volume":"62","author":"Engelheart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61852-3","article-title":"Network-targeted transcranial direct current stimulation of the hypothalamus appetite-control network: A feasibility study.","volume":"14","author":"Ester-Nacke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.011254","article-title":"Risk factors for malnutrition in older adults: A systematic review of the literature based on longitudinal data.","volume":"7","author":"F\u00e1varo-Moreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13186","article-title":"Association of anorexia\/appetite loss with malnutrition and mortality in older populations: A systematic literature review.","volume":"14","author":"Fielding","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051554","article-title":"Obesity affects the microbiota-gut-brain axis and the regulation thereof by endocannabinoids and related mediators.","volume":"21","author":"Forte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00499","article-title":"Food related processes in the insular cortex.","volume":"7","author":"Frank","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2022.106050","article-title":"The gut-brain axis and sodium appetite: Can inflammation-related signaling influence the control of sodium intake?","volume":"175","author":"Freitas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.17475","article-title":"Anamorelin in the management of cancer cachexia: Clinical efficacy, challenges, and future directions.","volume":"45","author":"Fujii","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00757-x","article-title":"The blood\u2013brain barrier in systemic infection and inflammation.","volume":"18","author":"Galea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.23.003.2009","article-title":"Neurobiology of inflammation-associated anorexia.","volume":"3","author":"Gautron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114236","article-title":"Metabolic hormone action in the VTA: Reward-directed behavior and mechanistic insights.","volume":"268","author":"Geisler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1177\/09727531241255492","article-title":"Integrative functions of the hypothalamus: Linking cognition, emotion and physiology for well-being and adaptability.","volume":"32","author":"Goel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Neurosci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2665","article-title":"Link between increased satiety gut hormones and reduced food reward after gastric bypass surgery for obesity.","volume":"101","author":"Goldstone","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2012.01233.x","article-title":"Development and testing of a cancer appetite and symptom questionnaire.","volume":"25","author":"Halliday","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16071071","article-title":"Influence of bariatric surgery on gut microbiota composition and its implication on brain and peripheral targets.","volume":"16","author":"Hamamah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603490","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1603490","article-title":"The impact of butyrate on glycemic control in animals and humans: A comprehensive semi-systemic review.","volume":"12","author":"Hamari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232143","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2232143","article-title":"Gut microbiota-related bile acid metabolism-FXR\/TGR5 axis impacts the response to anti-\u03b14\u03b27-integrin therapy in humanized mice with colitis.","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01093-y","article-title":"From gut microbiota to host appetite: Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as key regulators.","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.12.006","article-title":"Gastric bypass surgery recruits a gut PPAR-\u03b1-striatal D1R pathway to reduce fat appetite in obese rats.","volume":"25","author":"Hankir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.07.035","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF\u03b1) blunt the response of Neuropeptide Y\/Agouti-related peptide (NPY\/AgRP) glucose inhibited (GI) neurons to decreased glucose.","volume":"1648","author":"Hao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10018","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-22-10018.2002","article-title":"Expression and physiological actions of cholecystokinin in rat taste receptor cells.","volume":"22","author":"Herness","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.05.002","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation accelerates postoperative ileus recovery by enhancing gastric motility complexity: A clinical study.","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/61.7.671","article-title":"Nutritional support and the surgical patient.","volume":"61","author":"Huckleberry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab013","article-title":"Acute oral calcium suppresses food intake through enhanced peptide-YY secretion mediated by the calcium-sensing receptor in rats.","volume":"151","author":"Igarashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11111601","article-title":"The contribution of the hunger hormone leptin in the aetiology of postoperative anorexia after laparoscopic and open gastrectomy in gastric cancer patients.","volume":"11","author":"Jagric","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9706","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.070706","article-title":"NF-kappaB activation in hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin neurons is essential in illness- and leptin-induced anorexia.","volume":"285","author":"Jang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1039\/c9fo02585e","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids could prevent fat deposition in pigs via regulating related hormones and genes.","volume":"11","author":"Jiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2006.01.004","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of proton pump inhibitors on human plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol levels under the starved condition.","volume":"60","author":"Katagiri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0145","article-title":"Hypothalamic Angptl4\/Fiaf is a novel regulator of food intake and body weight.","volume":"59","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-025-01866-7","article-title":"The mixed-meal tolerance test as an appetite assay: Methodological and practical considerations.","volume":"49","author":"King","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2015.1028994","article-title":"Nutrition impact symptoms, handgrip strength and nutritional risk in hospitalized patients with gastroenterological and liver diseases.","volume":"50","author":"Knudsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-025-00583-w","article-title":"Lost and not found: Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for weight-loss in patients with chronic kidney disease.","volume":"48","author":"Kurnik Mesari\u010d","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18259-0","article-title":"SCFAs strongly stimulate PYY production in human enteroendocrine cells.","volume":"8","author":"Larraufie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201541499","article-title":"Central CCL2 signaling onto MCH neurons mediates metabolic and behavioral adaptation to inflammation.","volume":"17","author":"Le Thuc","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.09.050","article-title":"CRH neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area regulate feeding behavior of mice.","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777997","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.777997","article-title":"Appetite regulation of TLR4-induced inflammatory signaling.","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26735-5","article-title":"Structural basis of human ghrelin receptor signaling by ghrelin and the synthetic agonist ibutamoren.","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14221780","article-title":"Hypothalamic microglia as dual hubs orchestrating local and systemic homeostasis in the periphery-central-periphery axis.","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2015.01.003","article-title":"Regulation of energy homeostasis by the NPY system.","volume":"26","author":"Loh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021113-170404","article-title":"The role of gut hormone peptide YY in energy and glucose homeostasis: Twelve years on.","volume":"76","author":"Manning","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063339","article-title":"Neurohormonal changes in the gut-brain axis and underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms following bariatric surgery.","volume":"23","author":"Martinou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01620-3","article-title":"Gut microbiota link dietary fiber intake and short-chain fatty acid metabolism with eating behavior.","volume":"11","author":"Medawar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.110952","article-title":"Plasma enterobacterial ClpB levels and ClpB- and \u03b1-MSH-reactive immunoglobulins in lung cancer patients with and without anorexia.","volume":"78","author":"Molfino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1134082","article-title":"Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism.","volume":"7","author":"Morrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05026","article-title":"Central nervous system control of food intake and body weight.","volume":"443","author":"Morton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232171","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1232171","article-title":"Peripheral and central macrophages in obesity.","volume":"14","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105813","article-title":"Acute vagus nerve stimulation does not affect liking or wanting ratings of food in healthy participants.","volume":"169","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34154","article-title":"A multicenter, open-label, single-arm study of anamorelin (ONO-7643) in patients with cancer cachexia and low body mass index.","volume":"128","author":"Naito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s44324-024-00026-1","article-title":"Hypothalamic neuronal-glial crosstalk in metabolic disease.","volume":"2","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Metab. Health Dis."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.76","article-title":"Nutrition impact symptoms and body composition in patients with COPD.","volume":"69","author":"Nord\u00e9n","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.05.021","article-title":"In vivo mechanisms of cortical network dysfunction induced by systemic inflammation.","volume":"96","author":"Odoj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26865","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026865","article-title":"Ghrelin and its analogues, BIM-28131 and BIM-28125, improve body weight and regulate the expression of MuRF-1 and MAFbx in a rat heart failure model.","volume":"6","author":"Palus","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15624-y","article-title":"The endoplasmic reticulum stress-autophagy pathway controls hypothalamic development and energy balance regulation in leptin-deficient neonates.","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00398-4","article-title":"Central anorexigenic actions of bile acids are mediated by TGR5.","volume":"3","author":"Perino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2011.21","article-title":"Appetite regulation and weight control: The role of gut hormones.","volume":"2","author":"Perry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2016.0062","article-title":"A prospective review of appetite loss and recovery time in primary joint replacement patients.","volume":"98","author":"Prodger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.153","article-title":"The short chain fatty acid propionate stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion via free fatty acid receptor 2 in rodents.","volume":"39","author":"Psichas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4525","DOI":"10.2174\/138161206779010486","article-title":"Nitrergic modulation of gastrointestinal function during early endotoxemia.","volume":"12","author":"Quintana","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5091","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-12-05091.2002","article-title":"Involvement of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in Interleukin-1-Induced anorexia.","volume":"22","author":"Reyes","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-01051-8","article-title":"Immunoception: The insular cortex perspective.","volume":"20","author":"Rolls","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000494","article-title":"Surgically induced changes in gut microbiome and hedonic eating as related to weight loss: Preliminary findings in obese women undergoing bariatric surgery.","volume":"79","author":"Sanmiguel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4681","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02043-14","article-title":"NOD2 stimulation by Staphylococcus aureus-derived peptidoglycan is boosted by Toll-like receptor 2 costimulation with lipoproteins in dendritic cells.","volume":"82","author":"Sch\u00e4ffler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"T25","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0398","article-title":"Hypothalamic and brainstem neuronal circuits controlling homeostatic energy balance.","volume":"220","author":"Schneeberger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/35007534","article-title":"Central nervous system control of food intake.","volume":"404","author":"Schwartz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2831-2","article-title":"Nuclear factor \u03baB (NF-\u03baB) suppresses food intake and energy expenditure in mice by directly activating the Pomc promoter.","volume":"56","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-022-00914-3","article-title":"Activation of arcuate nucleus glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-expressing neurons suppresses food intake.","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858413504466","article-title":"Multiple roles for astrocytes as effectors of cytokines and inflammatory mediators.","volume":"20","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607899","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1607899","article-title":"Bile acids affect intestinal barrier function through FXR and TGR5.","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1159\/000539238","article-title":"Peripheral 5-HT Mediates gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone-induced feeding behavior and energy metabolism disorder in chickens via the 5-HT2C receptor.","volume":"114","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1607899","article-title":"Cross-cultural psychometric assessment of an appetite questionnaire for patients with cancer.","volume":"40","author":"Spexoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Psychiatry Psychother."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0156288","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156288","article-title":"Cancer appetite and symptom questionnaire (CASQ) for Brazilian patients: Cross-cultural adaptation and validation study.","volume":"11","author":"Spexoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2014","article-title":"GLP-1, and PYY(3-36): Secretory controls and physiological roles in eating and glycemia in health, obesity, and after RYGB.","volume":"97","author":"Steinert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1079\/pns2005436","article-title":"Elucidating effective ways to identify and treat malnutrition.","volume":"64","author":"Stratton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1177\/1708538120980216","article-title":"Preoperative nutritional status is independently associated with wound healing in patients undergoing open surgery for ischemic tissue loss.","volume":"29","author":"Tanaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vascular"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15257","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42446-x","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of anamorelin for patients with cancer-related anorexia\/cachexia syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"13","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e458","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.98","article-title":"Bacterial ClpB heat-shock protein, an antigen-mimetic of the anorexigenic peptide \u03b1-MSH, at the origin of eating disorders.","volume":"4","author":"Tennoune","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2016.04.036","article-title":"Anorexic action of deoxynivalenol in hypothalamus and intestine.","volume":"118","author":"Tominaga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7096","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.11.7096","article-title":"Dendritic cell maturation induced by muramyl dipeptide (MDP) derivatives: Monoacylated MDP confers TLR2\/TLR4 activation.","volume":"174","author":"Uehori","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-012-0754-5","article-title":"Roux-en Y gastric bypass surgery reduces hedonic hunger and improves dietary habits in severely obese subjects.","volume":"23","author":"Ullrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14233","article-title":"Cerebral effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor blockade before and after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in obese women: A proof-of-concept resting-state functional MRI study.","volume":"23","author":"van Duinkerken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4050","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0093","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in appetite-related brain regions in type 1 diabetic patients after treatment with insulin detemir and NPH insulin: A randomized controlled crossover trial.","volume":"36","author":"van Golen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-024-01509-0","article-title":"Recent advances in cognitive-behavioural therapy for eating disorders (CBT-ED).","volume":"26","author":"Waller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111644","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced gut microbial dysbiosis reduces the growth of weaning rats via FXR-mediated hepatic IGF-2 Inhibition.","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2020.113558","article-title":"The hypothalamic mechanism of neuropeptide S-induced satiety in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) involves the paraventricular nucleus and corticotropin-releasing factor.","volume":"299","author":"Webster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13741-020-00144-6","article-title":"Patient experience of health and care when undergoing colorectal surgery within the ERAS program.","volume":"9","author":"Wennstr\u00f6m","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perioper. Med."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.5.1074","article-title":"Appetite assessment: Simple appetite questionnaire predicts weight loss in community-dwelling adults and nursing home residents.","volume":"82","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13182","article-title":"Differential effects of hunger and satiety on insular cortex and hypothalamic functional connectivity.","volume":"43","author":"Wright","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013933","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.1013933","article-title":"New insight into neurological degeneration: Inflammatory cytokines and blood-brain barrier.","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2414796","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2414796","article-title":"The effects of gut microbiota on appetite regulation and the underlying mechanisms.","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85311","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.85311","article-title":"Assessment of postoperative pain, anxiety, and functional recovery among patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery.","volume":"17","author":"Zahid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393182","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1393182","article-title":"Microbiota dynamics preceding bariatric surgery as obesity treatment: A comprehensive review.","volume":"11","author":"Zambrano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.05.007","article-title":"An inter-organ neural circuit for appetite suppression.","volume":"185","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-016-3508-4","article-title":"Validation of the Chinese version of functional assessment of anorexia-cachexia therapy (FAACT) scale for measuring quality of life in cancer patients with cachexia.","volume":"25","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4921","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI138392","article-title":"Melanocortin-4 receptor antagonist TCMCB07 ameliorates cancer- and chronic kidney disease-associated cachexia.","volume":"130","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G700","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00426.2020","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation improves functional dyspepsia by enhancing vagal efferent activity.","volume":"320","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1710656\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T06:32:37Z","timestamp":1772433157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1710656\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"references-count":133,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2026.1710656"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1710656","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"article-number":"1710656"}}