{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:23:27Z","timestamp":1787235807528,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, several MRI-derived glymphatic markers were utilized to evaluate alterations in glymphatic system (GS) function in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>we assessed 160 participants, including 80 patients with TLE-HS and 80 healthy controls (HCs). Glymphatic circulation was evaluated using MRI-based markers, including choroid plexus volume (CPV), perivascular space (PVS) volume, the fraction of white matter free water (FW-WM), and diffusion tensor imaging along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) index. Group differences were evaluated using two-sample tests, and associations were assessed using partial Spearman\u2019s rank correlations (\u03c1).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In patients with TLE-HS, the DTI-ALPS index (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22122.65,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001), CPV\/TIV (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22122.65,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001), and PVS score [\u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ,test \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (3,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 160) = 15.21,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0016] were significantly lower than in HCs, whereas the FW-WM (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 5.70,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001) was significantly higher. Additionally, longer disease duration was significantly correlated with a decrease in DTI-ALPS (\u03c1 = \u22120.375,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001), an increase in FW-WM (\u03c1 = 0.316,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001), and an enlargement of CPV (\u03c1 = 0.378,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001). Furthermore, a reduction in hippocampal volume (HPV) was closely correlative with a decrease in DTI-ALPS (\u03c1 = 0.226,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.048) and an enlargement of CPV (\u03c1 = \u22120.345,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study offers substantiated evidence of GS function in patients with TLE-HS using multiple MRI-derived indices of GS function. Moreover, longer disease duration was significantly associated with lower DTI-ALPS indices, higher FW-WM levels, and enlarged CPV, while reduced HPV was closely linked to decreased DTI-ALPS and increased CPV. These findings indicate that MRI-derived GS indices may serve as potential imaging biomarkers of disease chronicity in TLE-HS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1741257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T06:40:44Z","timestamp":1771483244000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Glymphatic system dysfunction in temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis: MRI-based evaluation of circulatory markers and disease progression"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yingpeng","family":"Kuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingwen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Clinical Medical 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