{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T01:51:28Z","timestamp":1780969888435,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tuberculous meningitis (TBM), a severe central nervous system infection, carries significant mortality and long-term neurological morbidity. While cognitive impairment is a common consequences of TBM, the contribution of glymphatic system dysfunction to this process remains poorly characterized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate glymphatic function in TBM patients using the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-derived along the perivascular space (ALPS) index and evaluate its utility in detecting and predicting mild cognitive impairment (MCI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study enrolled 62 TBM patients and 61 matched healthy controls (HCs). ALPS indices (left\/right\/whole-brain) were computed from DTI data. Cognitive function was assessed using MMSE, MoCA, TMT-A\/B, CDT, VFT, DST, and SDMT. Group comparisons, partial correlation analyses, and ROC curve assessments were performed to examine relationships between glymphatic function and cognitive performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      TBM patients demonstrated significantly reduced ALPS indices (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05) and elevated diffusivity in projection (Dyproj) and association (Dzassoc) fiber regions compared to HCs. Within the TBM-MCI subgroup, left Dyproj\/Dzassoc correlated negatively with CDT scores (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05), while ALPS indices showed: (1) negative correlations with TMT-A\/B (left\/whole-brain), (2) positive correlations with SDMT (right\/whole-brain). MCI patients exhibited significantly lower right\/whole-brain ALPS indices than non-MCI counterparts (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05), with ROC analysis demonstrating moderate predictive value (AUC\u202f=\u202f0.70).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The DTI-ALPS index effectively captures glymphatic dysfunction in TBM and correlates with domain-specific cognitive deficits. As a non-invasive biomarker, it shows promise for early identification of TBM patients at risk for MCI, potentially facilitating timely intervention to mitigate cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1764800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T16:09:51Z","timestamp":1772813391000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Glymphatic dysfunction and cognitive impairment in tuberculous meningitis: insights from diffusion tensor imaging along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yilin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunsheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangshuang","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dailun","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.019","article-title":"An integrated approach to correction for off-resonance effects and subject movement in diffusion MR imaging","volume":"125","author":"Andersson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241280842","article-title":"Glymphatic dysfunction in multiple sclerosis and its association with disease pathology and disability","volume":"30","author":"Bayoumi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. 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