{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T11:12:13Z","timestamp":1794568333262,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-stroke headache (PSH) and its chronic counterpart, persistent post-stroke headache (PPSH), represent significant but frequently overlooked complications of cerebrovascular disease that adversely affect rehabilitation and quality of life. This review provides an updated synthesis of PSH, following its formal classification in the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD-3). We examine the epidemiology of PSH, noting a prevalence range of 6\u201344% in ischemic stroke survivors, with risk factors including younger age, female sex, and posterior circulation lesions. The pathophysiology is explored as a complex interplay involving the trigeminovascular system, neurogenic inflammation, and central sensitization, often exacerbated by structural factors such as edema and stroke topography. Clinical phenotypes vary, predominantly presenting as tension-type, though migraine-like features occur. Furthermore, this review highlights the critical role of headache as a sentinel symptom in the differential diagnosis of distinct stroke etiologies such as cervical artery dissection, reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, and cerebral venous thrombosis. A major finding is the significant gap in evidence-based management; current therapeutic strategies often rely on extrapolating data from primary headache disorders, with unverified safety profiles for newer agents such as triptans and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonists in the post-stroke population. We conclude by emphasizing the urgent need for randomized controlled trials to establish safe, effective pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for this disabling condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1766866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T06:56:27Z","timestamp":1773816987000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Post-stroke headache: a review of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Dabao","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luwei","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danyang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingxin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhouping","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10287","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2022.2122799","article-title":"Systematic review of postpartum and pregnancy-related cervical artery dissection","volume":"35","author":"Abdelnour","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/10641955.2019.1626417","article-title":"Neuropathological complications associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy","volume":"38","author":"Adekomi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S206","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-004-0287-3","article-title":"Headache in cerebral venous thrombosis","volume":"25","author":"Agostoni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13101388","article-title":"Vasculitis and ischemic stroke in Lyme neuroborreliosis-interventional management approach and literature review","volume":"13","author":"Akkurt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2021.2.25667","article-title":"Clinical presentations, radiological characteristics, and biological risk factors of cerebral venous thrombosis at a university hospital in Saudi Arabia","volume":"42","author":"Alamri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/10245330601111912","article-title":"Skull bone infarctive crisis and deep vein thrombosis in homozygous sickle cell disease- case report and review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Alli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hematol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2021.03.036","article-title":"Headache features of cerebellar ischemic strokes: clinical and radiological-experiences of a single center","volume":"88","author":"Altiparmak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci. Off. J. Neurosurg. Soc. Australasia"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2012-000502","article-title":"Migraine: mimics, borderlands and chameleons","volume":"13","author":"Angus-Leppan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pract. Neurol."},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"611","article-title":"Headache in acute cerebrovascular ischemic disease: a prospective clinical study of 195 patients","volume":"100","author":"Arboix","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1994.1401037.x","article-title":"Headache in acute cerebrovascular disease: a prospective clinical study in 240 patients","volume":"14","author":"Arboix","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cephalalgia Int. J. Headache"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202","article-title":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd Edition","volume":"38","author":"Arnold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cephalalgia Int. J. Headache"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1159\/000088152","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of vertebral artery dissection","volume":"20","author":"Arnold","year":"2005","journal-title":"Front. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13185377","article-title":"Advancements in modern treatment approaches for central post-stroke pain: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Asadauskas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00415-0","article-title":"Medication overuse headache","volume":"9","author":"Ashina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(10)70313-6","article-title":"Neurological complications of acute ischaemic stroke","volume":"10","author":"Balami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.2040186.093","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of overactive bladder with migraine as a comorbidity: a prospective cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"Baser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Neurourol. J."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd000398","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000398.pub2","article-title":"Nitric oxide donors (nitrates), L-arginine, or nitric oxide synthase inhibitors for acute stroke","volume":"4","author":"Bath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1159\/000088151","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of carotid dissection","volume":"20","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Front. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1726360","article-title":"Approach to headache","volume":"41","author":"Bobker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13707","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13707","article-title":"Atogepant: mechanism of action, clinical and translational science","volume":"17","author":"Boinpally","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.10.016","article-title":"Hypertension and the post-carotid endarterectomy cerebral Hyperperfusion syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Bouri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vas. Endovascular Surg. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Vascular Surgery"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmcr.2022.101730","article-title":"A case of malignant stroke requiring Hemicraniectomy following bronchial artery embolisation","volume":"39","author":"Carey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir. Med. Case. Rep."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.2147\/jmdh.S372747","article-title":"Peripartum cardiomyopathy: risks diagnosis and management","volume":"16","author":"Carlson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthc."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-59","article-title":"Bilateral central pain sensitization in rats following a unilateral thalamic lesion may be treated with high doses of ketamine","volume":"9","author":"Castel","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-023-01169-4","article-title":"Post-stroke headache","volume":"27","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2016.51","article-title":"Characteristics, diagnosis and outcome of patients referred to a specialized neurology emergency clinic: prospective observational study","volume":"36","author":"Coban","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073817696817","article-title":"Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome in pediatrics: a case series and review","volume":"32","author":"Coffino","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051139","article-title":"Profiling complement system components in primary CNS vasculitis","volume":"10","author":"Deb-Chatterji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4711-2_13","article-title":"High altitude headache. Lessons from headaches at sea level","volume":"474","author":"del Sanchez Rio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2017.11.011","article-title":"Pain after stroke: a review","volume":"174","author":"Delpont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102411406754","article-title":"Migraine is associated with an increased risk of Cervicocephalic arterial dissection","volume":"31","author":"Demaerschalk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cephalalgia Int. J. Headache"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102421989247","article-title":"Health technology assessment for the acute and preventive treatment of migraine: a position statement of the international headache society","volume":"41","author":"Diener","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cephalalgia Int. J. Headache"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2008.07.008","article-title":"Headache associated with ischemic cerebrovascular disease","volume":"164","author":"Diener","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14760","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14760","article-title":"Dehydration in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis","volume":"30","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2013.771137","article-title":"Lumbar puncture and the diagnosis of Ct negative subarachnoid Haemorrhage: time for a new approach?","volume":"27","author":"Ditta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2021.1911650","article-title":"Current perspectives on neuroimaging techniques used to identify stroke mimics in clinical practice","volume":"21","author":"El-Wahsh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11425-z","article-title":"Rcvs: by clinicians for clinicians-a narrative review","volume":"270","author":"Erhart","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.22037\/ijcn.v17i2.37918","article-title":"Administration in efficacy of melatonin reducing headaches in children with migraines and sleep disorders: a randomized clinical trial study","volume":"16","author":"Fayyazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14263","article-title":"Functional neurological disorder in the emergency department","volume":"28","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106036","article-title":"Pediatric case of life-threatening stroke caused by reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome with spontaneous cervical internal carotid artery vasospasm: a case report","volume":"30","author":"Fujii","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13405","article-title":"Association of concomitant headache with Hypoperfusion in ischemic stroke: a multimodal Ct-based study","volume":"15","author":"Ge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.09.012","article-title":"Sensitivity of newer-generation computed tomography scanners for subarachnoid hemorrhage: a Bayesian analysis","volume":"43","author":"Gee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12116","article-title":"Headache in stroke: a review","volume":"53","author":"Goddeau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5702","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11225-5","article-title":"Amitriptyline for post-Covid headache: effectiveness, tolerability, and response predictors","volume":"269","author":"Gonzalez-Martinez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e31826754e1","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of symptomatic vertebral artery dissection: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Gottesman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.118.020371","article-title":"Copy number variation and risk of stroke","volume":"49","author":"Grond-Ginsbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18352","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45676-1","article-title":"The value of Indocyanine Green-Flow800 in microvasculature for predicting cerebral Hyperperfusion syndrome in Moyamoya disease patients","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-011-0026-0","article-title":"Review and Management of Side Effects Associated with antiplatelet therapy for prevention of recurrent cerebrovascular events","volume":"28","author":"Guthrie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e934528","DOI":"10.12659\/ajcr.934528","article-title":"Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome in a background of eclampsia responding to milrinone infusion","volume":"22","author":"Hadhiah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E881","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1414930112","article-title":"Contribution of reactive oxygen species to cerebral amyloid Angiopathy, vasomotor dysfunction, and microhemorrhage in aged Tg2576 mice","volume":"112","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115385","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1115385","article-title":"Effect of isolated intracranial hypertension on cerebral perfusion within the phase of primary disturbances after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats","volume":"17","author":"Hao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000008591","article-title":"Headache after ischemic stroke: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Harriott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1159\/000375397","article-title":"Post stroke pain: identification, assessment, and therapy","volume":"39","author":"Harrison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2007.04.043","article-title":"Outcome after pituitary radiosurgery for thalamic pain syndrome","volume":"69","author":"Hayashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-023-06552-5","article-title":"Cerebrovascular involvement in systemic childhood Vasculitides","volume":"42","author":"Held","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13569","article-title":"Peripheral inflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption: effects and mechanisms","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02686077","article-title":"Hughes syndrome: the antiphospholipid syndrome--a clinical overview","volume":"32","author":"Hughes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.121.034109","article-title":"Impact of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy on the risk of stroke stratified by subtypes and follow-up time","volume":"53","author":"Hung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.9740\/mhc.2025.08.208","article-title":"A case of Alice in wonderland syndrome associated with Topiramate in a patient with vestibular migraine","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ment. Health Clin."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-025-02173-2","article-title":"Decoding orofacial pain: a translational review of mechanisms and novel therapies","volume":"26","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.2147\/vhrm.S388257","article-title":"Cerebrovascular Fibromuscular Dysplasia - a Practical Review","volume":"19","author":"Kesav","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.2147\/vhrm.S362844","article-title":"Cervical artery dissections: Etiopathogenesis and management","volume":"18","author":"Keser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1177\/14782715241290309","article-title":"Cough-induced vertebral artery dissection: a case report and literature review","volume":"54","author":"Khalid","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. R. Coll. Physicians Edinb."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300060520903653","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520903653","article-title":"Selected Pathobiological features and principles of pharmacological pain management","volume":"48","author":"Khammissa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.001","article-title":"Neuroimaging and diagnostic workup for headache","volume":"36","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-018-0678-4","article-title":"Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid revascularization and acute ischemic stroke","volume":"22","author":"Kirchoff-Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-015-0572-y","article-title":"The inflammatory form of cerebral amyloid angiopathy or \"cerebral amyloid Angiopathy-related inflammation\" (Caari)","volume":"15","author":"Kirshner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.17116\/jnevro201511571124-129","article-title":"Genetic aspects of migraine","volume":"115","author":"Kopishinskaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zh. Nevrol. Psikhiatr. Im. S S Korsakova"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.4274\/tjar.2023.231205","article-title":"Management of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage and its Complications: a clinical guide","volume":"51","author":"Korkmaz Dilmen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turkish J. Anaesthesiol. Reanimation"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"440","article-title":"Neurofeedback therapy in patients with acute and chronic pain syndromes--literature review and own experience","volume":"70","author":"Kubik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Przegl. Lek."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1745713","article-title":"Stroke in tuberculous meningitis and its correlation with magnetic resonance angiography manifestations","volume":"13","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Rural Prac."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.58.4.490","article-title":"Headache at stroke onset: the Lausanne stroke registry","volume":"58","author":"Kumral","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13382","article-title":"A narrative review of persistent post-stroke headache - a new entry in the international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition","volume":"58","author":"Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-022-01479-9","article-title":"Persistent headache after first-ever ischemic stroke: clinical characteristics and factors associated with its development","volume":"23","author":"Lebedeva","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S68","DOI":"10.5152\/tjar.2022.21318","article-title":"Persistent coronavirus disease 2019 headache relieved with sphenopalatine ganglion block","volume":"50","author":"Levin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turkish J. Anaesthesiol. Reanimation"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-22-750","article-title":"Advances in differential diagnosis of cerebrovascular diseases in magnetic resonance imaging: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"087","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glae087","article-title":"Associations between onset age of orthostatic hypotension and incident myocardial infarction, stroke, and dementia: a prospective cohort study","volume":"79","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.03.012","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for Poststroke depression: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2010.01840.x","article-title":"Evaluation for secondary causes of headache: the role of blood and urine testing","volume":"51","author":"Loder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2016.09.021","article-title":"Clinical mimics: an emergency medicine-focused review of stroke mimics","volume":"52","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863x251346736","article-title":"Antithrombotic treatment of cervical artery dissection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Loufopoulos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vasc. Med."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2020-000333","article-title":"Headache in cerebrovascular diseases","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke Vas. Neurol."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hest.2024.09.001","article-title":"The progressive frontier of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: diagnosis and treatment advances","volume":"6","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Hemorrhages"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2012-010304","article-title":"Endovascular recanalization for chronic symptomatic middle cerebral artery Total occlusion","volume":"5","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurointerv. Surg."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003193616-13","volume-title":"Neurological disease. Medicine for Finals and beyond","author":"Macleod","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.3171\/case2334","article-title":"Cervical radiculopathy due to extracranial vertebral artery dissection treated by stent placement with a flow diversion effect: illustrative case","volume":"5","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Case Lessons"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2011.01.005","article-title":"Insomnia in central neurologic diseases--occurrence and management","volume":"15","author":"Mayer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.121.038056","article-title":"Perspective: the case for acute large vessel ischemic stroke in Covid-19 originating within thrombosed pulmonary Venules","volume":"53","author":"Meaney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-996-0015-1","article-title":"Role of neuroimaging in our understanding of the pathogenesis of primary headaches","volume":"8","author":"Mechtler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16484","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16484","article-title":"Code headache: development of a protocol for optimizing headache management in the emergency room","volume":"31","author":"Membrilla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e893","DOI":"10.1097\/pr9.0000000000000893","article-title":"Pain during and after Covid-19 in Germany and worldwide: a narrative review of current knowledge","volume":"6","author":"Meyer-Frie\u00dfem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Rep."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16081103","article-title":"Stroke-induced central pain: overview of the mechanisms, management, and emerging targets of central post-stroke pain","volume":"16","author":"Mohanan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13409","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.206157","article-title":"Sleep deprivation in dementia comorbidities: focus on cardiovascular disease, diabetes, anxiety\/depression and thyroid disorders","volume":"16","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"ref94","first-page":"313","article-title":"Spontaneous intracranial internal carotid artery dissection: 6 case reports and a review of 39 cases in the literature","volume":"43","author":"Nagumo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku = Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.03.001","article-title":"Fibromuscular dysplasia: contemporary concepts and future directions","volume":"60","author":"Narula","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2059749","article-title":"Cerebral venous thrombosis with migraine-like headache and the Trigeminovascular system","volume":"2016","author":"Nascimento","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep. Neurol. Med."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073815620673","article-title":"Neurological complications of pediatric Cancer","volume":"31","author":"Neil","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.123.046312","article-title":"Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and female sex: a narrative review","volume":"55","author":"Nelson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(18)30085-1","article-title":"International classification of headache disorders","volume":"17","author":"Olesen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1763487","article-title":"Acute headache attributed to ischemic stroke: assessment of its characteristics and associated factors","volume":"81","author":"Oliveira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-3984.2021.0019","article-title":"Cerebral venous thrombosis: imaging patterns","volume":"55","author":"Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiol. Bras."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13478","article-title":"Headaches attributed to ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack","volume":"59","author":"Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2021.17.2.164","article-title":"The role of endothelial dysfunction in the pathophysiology and cerebrovascular effects of migraine: a narrative review","volume":"17","author":"Paolucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1066","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000179990.46401.66","article-title":"Pineal cyst apoplexy: case report and review of the literature","volume":"57","author":"Patel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4789","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15371","article-title":"Does Coprescribing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and Oral anticoagulants increase the risk of major bleeding, stroke and systemic embolism?","volume":"88","author":"Penner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00332","article-title":"A novel Atp1a2 gene variant associated with pure sporadic hemiplegic migraine improved after patent foramen Ovale closure: a case report","volume":"9","author":"Perrotta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-019-1003-2","article-title":"Updates in the treatment of post-stroke pain","volume":"19","author":"Plecash","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80223","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.80223","article-title":"A review of the current literature on cerebral aneurysms","volume":"17","author":"Rice-Canetto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.122.319951","article-title":"Post-stroke cognitive impairment and dementia","volume":"130","author":"Rost","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/s0733-8619(03)00102-6","article-title":"Headaches due to vascular disorders","volume":"22","author":"Rothrock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102421999045","article-title":"Headache secondary to cerebrovascular disease","volume":"41","author":"Rothrock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.3390\/life12081215","article-title":"Imaging of cerebral venous thrombosis","volume":"12","author":"Sadik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930211046758","article-title":"Patterns of ischemic posterior circulation strokes: a clinical, anatomical, and radiological review","volume":"17","author":"Salerno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke Off. J. Int. Stroke Soc."},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01367-8","article-title":"Headache, anosmia, ageusia and other neurological symptoms in COVID-19: a cross-sectional study","volume":"23","author":"Sampaio Rocha-Filho","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1361.088","article-title":"Hughes syndrome, the antiphospholipid syndrome: a new chapter in neurology","volume":"1051","author":"Sanna","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref116","first-page":"122","article-title":"Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and fibromuscular dysplasia: an epiphenomenon or a causal relationship?","volume":"33","author":"Santos Neto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Taiwanica"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19111-2","article-title":"Cerebral Small vessel disease genomics and its implications across the lifespan","volume":"11","author":"Sargurupremraj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/210676","article-title":"Cerebral vein thrombosis misdiagnosed and mismanaged","volume":"2012","author":"Sasidharan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thrombosis"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-1044-6","article-title":"Lasmiditan for acute treatment of migraine in patients with cardiovascular risk factors: post-hoc analysis of pooled results from 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials","volume":"20","author":"Shapiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref120","first-page":"1","article-title":"Carotid and vertebral arterial dissections in the emergency department","volume":"14","author":"Shea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Pract."},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-5229.175948","article-title":"Cerebral venous thrombosis presenting with intracerebral hemorrhage in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria","volume":"20","author":"Shrestha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Critic. Care Medicine Peer-Revi. Off. Pub."},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e79917","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.79917","article-title":"Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome secondary to paroxetine and opioid use in a middle-aged woman: a case report","volume":"17","author":"Simonsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.joacp_304_22","article-title":"Stellate ganglion block beyond chronic pain: a literature review on its application in painful and non-painful conditions","volume":"40","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anaesthesiol. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930231181250","article-title":"Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a review of pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and treatment","volume":"18","author":"Singhal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke Off. J. Int. Stroke Soc."},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14394","article-title":"Headache persisting after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a narrative review of pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies","volume":"62","author":"Sorrentino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.124.049079","article-title":"Proteins involved in endothelial function and inflammation are implicated in cerebral Small vessel disease","volume":"56","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2229282","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.29282","article-title":"Global frequency and clinical features of stroke in patients with tuberculous meningitis: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Sy","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.53738\/REVMED.2017.13.560.0900","article-title":"Spontaneous carotid and vertebral dissections","volume":"13","author":"Sztajzel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revue Medicale Suisse"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2016.06.003","article-title":"Headache in the emergency department: avoiding misdiagnosis of dangerous secondary causes","volume":"34","author":"Tabatabai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618513","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1618513","article-title":"Psychoneurological symptom clusters in patients with first stroke and relationship with inflammatory markers: a latent profile analysis","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2217\/whe.11.19","article-title":"Pregnancy and stroke risk in women","volume":"7","author":"Tate","year":"2011","journal-title":"Women's Health"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1159\/000155982","article-title":"Cerebral vasculitis and stroke in Lyme neuroborreliosis. Two case reports and review of current knowledge","volume":"26","author":"Topakian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref133","first-page":"1045","article-title":"Neurologic complications of cocaine abuse","volume":"19","author":"Van Viet","year":"1990","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.162.5.8166009","article-title":"Dural sinus thrombosis: value of venous Mr angiography for diagnosis and follow-up","volume":"162","author":"Vogl","year":"1994","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.110895","article-title":"Cadasil (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy): diagnostic skin biopsy changes determined by electron microscopy","volume":"43","author":"Walsh","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912419","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.912419","article-title":"Cerebral venous thrombosis as a rare cause of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: case series in a single referral center and literature review","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528168","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1528168","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke secondary to intracranial Vertebrobasilar artery dissection","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hest.2024.03.002","article-title":"Cerebral venous impairment and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Hemorrhages"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-024-00668-5","article-title":"Understanding headaches attributed to cranial and\/or cervical vascular disorders: insights and challenges for neurologists","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(19)30079-1","article-title":"Small vessel disease: mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"18","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809207","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2022.809207","article-title":"The effectiveness and adverse events of amitriptyline and aripiprazole in very elderly patients with BMS","volume":"3","author":"Watanabe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-010-1096-x","article-title":"Neuroimaging in medicine","volume":"53","author":"Weiller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2023.100473","article-title":"Secondary headaches - red and Green flags and their significance for diagnostics","volume":"32","author":"Wijeratne","year":"2023","journal-title":"eNeurologicalSci"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.83.1.67","article-title":"Primarily chronic and cerebrovascular course of Lyme Neuroborreliosis: case reports and literature review","volume":"83","author":"Wilke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.13275","article-title":"Stellate ganglion block to mitigate thalamic pain syndrome of an oncological origin","volume":"24","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain Prac. Off. J. World Institute Pain"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-025-01975-8","article-title":"Stroke etiology and white matter burden in women with and without migraine","volume":"26","author":"Wilms","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179427","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and serotoninergic signalling pathway: pathomechanism and therapeutic potential","volume":"25","author":"Witkowska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13917-z","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of ischemic stroke-related headache in China: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91","DOI":"10.1161\/str.0000000000000457","article-title":"Treatment and outcomes of cervical artery dissection in adults: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"55","author":"Yaghi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2022.100406","article-title":"Rates of intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular therapy for acute Ischaemic stroke in China between 2019 and 2020","volume":"21","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Western Pacific"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.2199","article-title":"Correlation between migraine and cerebral small vessel disease: a case-control study","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.14336\/ad.2023.0310-2","article-title":"Post-stroke neuropsychiatric complications: types, pathogenesis, and therapeutic intervention","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13044","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202012_24210","article-title":"Nervous system complications of Covid-19 with a focus on stroke","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15010018","article-title":"Neurotoxins acting at synaptic sites: a brief review on mechanisms and clinical applications","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxins"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1766866\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T06:56:32Z","timestamp":1773816992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1766866\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"references-count":154,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2026.1766866"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1766866","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"article-number":"1766866"}}