{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T08:20:29Z","timestamp":1772180429084,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate cortical modulatory effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and peripheral magnetic stimulation (PMS) applied to the wrist extensors of healthy adults, using fNIRS as the primary assessment modality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a randomized crossover design, 15 right-handed adults received NMES and PMS sessions (separated by \u226548 h). Stimulation intensity was functionally calibrated to elicit a matched, maximal painless wrist dorsiflexion. Corticospinal excitability was assessed via motor evoked potentials (MEPs) before and after each intervention. Real-time cortical hemodynamics were monitored with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during stimulation, quantifying changes in oxygenated ([HbO]) and deoxygenated ([HbR]) hemoglobin concentrations across the sensorimotor (SMC), prefrontal (PFC), and occipital (OC) cortices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Neither NMES nor PMS induced significant changes in MEP amplitude (NMES:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.674; PMS:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.794). However, fNIRS revealed fundamentally distinct cortical activation patterns during stimulation. NMES was associated with widespread decreases in [HbO] within the PFC, ipsilateral SMC, and OC (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). In contrast, PMS elicited focal activation in the contralateral SMC, characterized by a significant increase in [HbO] (ch23:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.005; ch35:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.022) and a concurrent decrease in [HbR] (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05) compared to the NMES condition. General linear model analysis confirmed more robust contralateral SMC activation during PMS. No significant differences in task-based functional connectivity were observed between the two modalities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A single session of NMES and PMS differentially modulates real-time cortical hemodynamics without altering corticospinal excitability. PMS induces focal, excitatory-dominant activation of the contralateral SMC, while NMES evokes a pattern of widespread cortical modulation, reflecting their distinct afferent mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1781058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T06:51:30Z","timestamp":1772175090000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differential cortical responses to neuromuscular electrical vs. peripheral magnetic stimulation: a multimodal TMS-fNIRS study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Fengyun","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"]},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weining","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leyi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sijie","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University","place":["Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruiping","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yulian","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-10-51","article-title":"The effect of electrical stimulation on corticospinal excitability is dependent on application duration: a same subject pre-post test design","volume":"10","author":"Andrews","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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