{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T07:01:29Z","timestamp":1780038089102,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neural network effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are poorly understood. Here, we introduce a prospective, empirically informed, multimodal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) framework for guiding target selection and hypothesis-based analysis in future focal tDCS-fMRI studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We illustrate our approach by using data of 37 healthy individuals (19 females; mean age \u00b1 SD = 25.8 \u00b1 5.9) recruited from two tDCS-fMRI studies that were acquired at the same scanner and with placebo-tDCS. Participants completed two resting-state (RS) sessions and two task-fMRI sessions (object-location memory, OLM, or associative picture-pseudoword learning, APPL, experiments). Seed-based RS analysis identified functional networks originating from target regions for focal tDCS (right occipito-temporal cortex, rOTC; left ventral IFG, lvIFG) and established their test-retest reliability (TRR), using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Dice coefficients quantified overlap between seeded RS networks and task-evoked activity to identify task-active regions potentially affected by downstream network effects from the target regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seed-based analyses identified highly reliable ventral visual-limbic (rOTC) and language-related networks (lvIFG), with 72-77% of voxels showing good-to-excellent TRR (ICC \u2265 0.75). Only a subset of network voxels identified by the RS analyses overlapped with activity elicited by the experimental paradigms (ranging from 7.5-55%), with larger correspondence for the OLM (Dice: 0.249-0.349; APPL 0.065-0.106). Therefore, the degree of potential tDCS network effects varied substantially depending on the target region, the extent of its functional network and task-specific activity patterns. Degree of correspondence was further mediated by the selected contrasts-of-interest in the task-based analyses, with more conservative control conditions resulting in reduced overlap.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In sum, we established a principled multimodal fMRI framework bridging a critical gap in neuromodulation research. By integrating reliable intrinsic connectivity maps with task-evoked activity patterns, we provide a method to prospectively identify network-level targets for focal brain stimulation and generate hypotheses for tDCS-fMRI analyses. This approach shifts the rationale from stimulating isolated brain regions to strategically targeting key nodes within a predefined functional pathway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1803897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T06:02:03Z","timestamp":1780034523000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multimodal imaging-based targeting approach for network-level brain stimulation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Alireza","family":"Shahbabaie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald","place":["Greifswald, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abdelmotaleb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald","place":["Greifswald, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harun","family":"Kocata\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald","place":["Greifswald, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Niemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald","place":["Greifswald, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"Antonenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald","place":["Greifswald, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Fl\u00f6el","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald","place":["Greifswald, Germany"]},{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE Site Greifswald)","place":["Greifswald, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Meinzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald","place":["Greifswald, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70658","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70658","article-title":"Identification of reliable target brain regions for enhancing object\u2013location memory by brain stimulation","volume":"15","author":"Abdelmotaleb","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2014.00014","article-title":"Machine learning for neuroimaging with scikit-learn","volume":"8","author":"Abraham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinform."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2111436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2025.2111436","article-title":"Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines (2017\u20132025: an update) \u2013 endorsed by the European Society for Brain Stimulation (ESBS) and by the International Federation for Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN)","volume":"184","author":"Antal","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.09.017","article-title":"Neuronal and behavioral effects of multi-day brain stimulation and memory training","volume":"61","author":"Antonenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2011.08.005","article-title":"Human connectomics","volume":"22","author":"Behrens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4497","article-title":"Dynamic models of large-scale brain activity","volume":"20","author":"Breakspear","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145710001690","article-title":"A systematic review on reporting and assessment of adverse effects associated with transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Brunoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2894","article-title":"Investigation of long-term reproducibility of intrinsic connectivity network mapping: a resting-state fMRI study","volume":"33","author":"Chou","year":"2012","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.11.009","article-title":"Neurobiological after-effects of non-invasive brain stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Cirillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-191234","article-title":"Impact of 3-day combined anodal transcranial direct current stimulation-visuospatial training on object-location memory in healthy older adults and patients with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"75","author":"De Sousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer's Dis"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14050457","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of adverse effects across five sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Delicado-Miralles","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105933","article-title":"Investigating the effects of cortico-cortical paired associative stimulation in the human brain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"167","author":"Di Luzio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.08.025","article-title":"Tolerability and blinding of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation among older adults at intensities of up to 4 mA per electrode","volume":"16","author":"El Jamal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24908","article-title":"Methodology for tDCS integration with fMRI","volume":"41","author":"Esmaeilpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10050994","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may influence semantic fluency and functional connectivity in fronto-parietal network in mild cognitive impairment (MCI)","volume":"10","author":"Esposito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0235-4","article-title":"fMRIPrep: a robust preprocessing pipeline for functional MRI","volume":"16","author":"Esteban","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.09.011","article-title":"Language-selective and domain-general regions lie side by side within Broca\u2019s area","volume":"22","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2011.05.007","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation improves object-location learning in the elderly","volume":"33","author":"Fl\u00f6el","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4367","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1405003111","article-title":"Resting-state networks link invasive and noninvasive brain stimulation across diverse psychiatric and neurological diseases","volume":"111","author":"Fox","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.04.028","article-title":"Efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation targets for depression is related to intrinsic functional connectivity with the Subgenual cingulate","volume":"72","author":"Fox","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460020402","article-title":"Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: a general linear approach","volume":"2","author":"Friston","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12530","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2450-16.2016","article-title":"Stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex enhances adaptive cognitive control: a high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation study","volume":"36","author":"Gbadeyan","year":"","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.03.018","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, blinding efficacy and behavioural effects of a novel MRI-compatible, high-definition tDCS set-up","volume":"9","author":"Gbadeyan","year":"","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110149","article-title":"fMRI and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES): a systematic review of parameter space and outcomes","volume":"107","author":"Ghobadi-Azbari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.05.037","article-title":"Working memory contributes to the encoding of object location associations: support for a 3-part model of object location memory","volume":"311","author":"Gillis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328306f2c5","article-title":"Resting-state functional connectivity in neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"21","author":"Greicius","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(01)00073-6","article-title":"The lateral occipital complex and its role in object recognition","volume":"41","author":"Grill-Spector","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.027","article-title":"One-year test\u2013retest reliability of intrinsic connectivity network fMRI in older adults","volume":"61","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2023.06.016","article-title":"Can we manipulate brain connectivity? A systematic review of cortico-cortical paired associative stimulation effects","volume":"154","author":"Hernandez-Pavon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25154","article-title":"Review of individualized current flow modeling studies for transcranial electrical stimulation","volume":"101","author":"Hunold","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01000-w","article-title":"Cognitive task information is transferred between brain regions via resting-state network topology","volume":"8","author":"Ito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02624-3","article-title":"Effects and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation on multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review of randomized clinical trials","volume":"29","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.11.04.686295","article-title":"Functionally relevant and reliable brain stimulation targets for enhancement of novel word-learning","author":"Kocata\u015f","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref9004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Chiropractic Medicine"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.10.011","article-title":"The ventral visual pathway: an expanded neural framework for the processing of object quality","volume":"17","author":"Kravitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17605","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53985-7","article-title":"Differences in high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation over the motor hotspot versus the premotor cortex on motor network excitability","volume":"9","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2024.02.012","article-title":"High-definition tDCS over primary motor cortex modulates brain signal variability and functional connectivity in episodic migraine","volume":"161","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454755","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1454755","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with cognitive training on working memory in healthy older adults","volume":"16","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3089","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2637-19.2020","article-title":"The right temporoparietal junction is causally associated with embodied perspective-taking","volume":"40","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4812-11.2012","article-title":"Electrical brain stimulation improves cognitive performance by modulating functional connectivity and task-specific activation","volume":"32","author":"Meinzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389651","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1389651","article-title":"Investigating the neural mechanisms of transcranial direct current stimulation effects on human cognition: current issues and potential solutions","volume":"18","author":"Meinzer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.11.012","article-title":"HD-tDCS induced changes in resting-state functional connectivity: Insights from EF modeling","volume":"16","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-023-09627-x","article-title":"The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the cognitive functions: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Narmashiri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2024.03.031","article-title":"Electrode positioning errors reduce current dose for focal tDCS set-ups: evidence from individualized electric field mapping","volume":"162","author":"Niemann","year":"","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67155","DOI":"10.3791\/67155","article-title":"Neuronavigated focalized transcranial direct current stimulation administered during functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"213","author":"Niemann","year":"","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory","volume":"9","author":"Oldfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.07.027","article-title":"On the importance of precise electrode placement for targeted transcranial electric stimulation","volume":"181","author":"Opitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-022-02507-3","article-title":"More focal, less heterogeneous? Multi-level meta-analysis of cathodal high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation effects on language and cognition","volume":"129","author":"Ostrowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5367","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13185367","article-title":"Functional connectome controllability in patients with mild cognitive impairment after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"13","author":"Papallo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-024-01023-w","article-title":"A network control theory pipeline for studying the dynamics of the structural connectome","volume":"19","author":"Parkes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2020.104788","article-title":"Multisession transcranial direct current stimulation facilitates verbal learning and memory consolidation in young and older adults","volume":"205","author":"Perceval","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3347","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac234","article-title":"Towards network-guided neuromodulation for epilepsy","volume":"145","author":"Piper","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref9007","article-title":"RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. Posit Software, PBC","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.001","article-title":"How the brain remembers and forgets where things are: the neurocognition of object\u2013location memory","volume":"32","author":"Postma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.170","article-title":"Effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation and serotonergic enhancement on memory performance in young and older adults","volume":"42","author":"Prehn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref9003","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.04.022","article-title":"Tolerability and blinding of 4x1 high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) at two and three milliamps","volume":"11","author":"Reckow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2016.2597961","article-title":"Dynamic functional segregation and integration in human brain network during complex tasks","volume":"25","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2024.05.004","article-title":"The role of frontal cortex in novel-word learning and consolidation: evidence from focal transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"177","author":"Riemann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3711","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0130","article-title":"Neurophysiological mechanisms involved in language learning in adults","volume":"364","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Fornells","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70056","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.70056","article-title":"Selective brain activations and Connectivities related to the storage and recall of human object-location, reward-location, and word-pair episodic memories","volume":"45","author":"Rolls","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.08.052","article-title":"An improved framework for confound regression and filtering for control of motion artifact in the preprocessing of resting-state functional connectivity data","volume":"64","author":"Satterthwaite","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116183","article-title":"Accessibility of cortical regions to focal TES: dependence on spatial position, safety, and practical constraints","volume":"203","author":"Saturnino","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.23097","article-title":"Blipped-controlled aliasing in parallel imaging for simultaneous multislice echo planar imaging with reduced g -factor penalty","volume":"67","author":"Setsompop","year":"2012","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19090915","article-title":"Distinct symptom-specific treatment targets for circuit-based neuromodulation","volume":"177","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7606","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3857-16.2017","article-title":"Stimulating multiple-demand cortex enhances vocabulary learning","volume":"37","author":"Sliwinska","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref9006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000510","article-title":"Physiology of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation","volume":"34","author":"Stagg","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of ECT"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.02.061","article-title":"Language learning in the adult brain: a neuroanatomical meta-analysis of lexical and grammatical learning","volume":"193","author":"Tagarelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.10.044","article-title":"Modulating functional connectivity with non-invasive brain stimulation for the investigation and alleviation of age-associated declines in response inhibition: a narrative review","volume":"185","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2024.101359","article-title":"Cortico-cortical paired-associative stimulation to investigate the plasticity of cortico-cortical visual networks in humans","volume":"56","author":"Tarasi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref9005","first-page":"2026","article-title":"Harmonizing the stimulation dose of focal transcranial direct current stimulation across target sites.","author":"Thielscher","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120027","article-title":"Cortico-cortical paired associative stimulation (ccPAS) over premotor-motor areas affects local circuitries in the human motor cortex via Hebbian plasticity","volume":"271","author":"Turrini","year":"2023","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01026","article-title":"Pingouin: statistics in Python","volume":"3","author":"Vallat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.04.18.537240","article-title":"Continuous evaluation of denoising strategies in resting-state fMRI connectivity using fMRIPrep and Nilearn","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5050","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab531","article-title":"Task-specific network interactions across key cognitive domains","volume":"32","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2020.10.025","article-title":"Age-related differences in resting-state and task-based network characteristics and cognition: a lifespan sample","volume":"101","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1162\/netn_a_00314","article-title":"Static and dynamic functional connectome reveals reconfiguration profiles of whole-brain network across cognitive states","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Netw. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1803897\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T06:02:05Z","timestamp":1780034525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1803897\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2026.1803897"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1803897","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"article-number":"1803897"}}