{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T06:50:11Z","timestamp":1776840611439,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked neuromuscular disorder characterized by progressive muscle wasting. Approximately 1 in 3 DMD patients experience cognitive dysfunction, with research suggesting an Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD)-like pathology. We have previously shown that treatment with the glycogen synthase kinase 3\u03b2 (GSK3) inhibitor, tideglusib, improves muscle quality, function, and insulin sensitivity in the DBA\/2J (D2)\n                      <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                      mouse model of DMD. In this brief follow-up study, we report the effects of tideglusib treatment on cognitive function.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Male D2 WT and\n                      <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                      mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratories. Mice were separated into the following groups: (1) WT, (2)\n                      <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                      -vehicle, and (3)\n                      <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                      -tideglusib (10\u202fmg\/kg\/day via oral gavage for 4\u202fweeks). A novel object recognition test was performed to assess recognition memory. Hippocampus and serum samples were collected for BACE1 activity assays, amyloid beta (A\u03b2) ELISAs, and western blotting.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared to vehicle-treated\n                      <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                      mice, tideglusib-treated\n                      <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                      mice demonstrated improved recognition memory. These changes to recognition memory were accompanied by greater expression of beta-catenin, an indirect downstream marker of GSK3 inhibition. While there were no changes in BACE1 activity, tideglusib-treated\n                      <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                      mice had higher concentrations of A\u03b2 in the serum and lower protein levels of receptor of advanced glycation end products.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results from this brief follow-up study offer preliminary support for tideglusib as a treatment for both muscle and brain impairments in\n                      <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                      mice, potentially improving cognitive function through enhanced vascular A\u03b2 clearance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1812975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:51:27Z","timestamp":1776837087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tideglusib improves novel object recognition memory in the preclinical DBA\/2J mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Emily N.","family":"Copeland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Brock University","place":["St. Catharines, ON, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Brock University","place":["St. Catharines, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9lie A. T.","family":"Marais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Brock University","place":["St. Catharines, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Brock University","place":["St. Catharines, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bianca M.","family":"Marcella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Brock University","place":["St. Catharines, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan W.","family":"Baranowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Brock University","place":["St. Catharines, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shawn M.","family":"Beaudette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Brock University","place":["St. Catharines, ON, Canada"]},{"name":"Centre for Neurosciences, Brock University","place":["St. Catharines, ON, Canada"]},{"name":"Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University","place":["St. Catharines, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca E. K.","family":"MacPherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Brock University","place":["St. Catharines, ON, Canada"]},{"name":"Centre for Neurosciences, Brock University","place":["St. Catharines, ON, Canada"]},{"name":"Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University","place":["St. Catharines, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Val A.","family":"Fajardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Brock University","place":["St. Catharines, ON, Canada"]},{"name":"Centre for Neurosciences, Brock University","place":["St. Catharines, ON, Canada"]},{"name":"Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University","place":["St. Catharines, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S36-S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.140","article-title":"Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta reduces ROS production and alters antioxidant enzyme activities in MPP plus -induced neuronal cell death","volume":"108","author":"Armagan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. 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