{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T06:07:16Z","timestamp":1784700436822,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cortical auditory-evoked potential (CAEP) responses are used clinically to assess auditory processing and support cochlear implant (CI) mapping procedures post-implantation. This study aims to examine CAEP responses as an objective measure of neurophysiological changes following a structured Aural Rehabilitation Program (ARP) in long-term adult CI users, with poor baseline speech perception performance. Advancing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying improved post-implantation outcomes in poor performing CI users may inform the development of targeted interventions and refinement of evidence-based rehabilitation strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adult unilateral CI users with post-lingual deafness were recruited for an intensive clinician-directed ARP incorporating structured active listening exercises. The ARP consisted of weekly 1-h face-to-face sessions over 10 weeks with repeated assessments at baseline (T0) and 10-week intervals (T10, T20, T30). Participants were allocated to immediate (Group 1), 10-week delay (Group 2), or 20-week delay (Group 3) ARP groups, while a control group completed assessments without intensive ARP. Speech perception in quiet [CNC phoneme and word scores (%)] and electrically-evoked CAEP (eCAEP) response [P1-N1-P2 peak latencies (ms) and amplitudes (\u03bcV)] measures were collected at each time point for all groups. The repeated measures design incorporated staggered pre- and post-ARP periods for Groups 1\u20133 (T0-T10, T10-T20, and T20-T30, respectively). CNC and eCAEP measures were analyzed pre- and post-ARP intervention and across assessment intervals (T0-T30) to evaluate rehabilitation effects and account for natural variability and potential ongoing adaptation in auditory performance over time, independent of ARP-related changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No significant changes were observed in eCAEP response latencies or amplitudes from pre- to post-rehabilitation. However, the ARP intervention group demonstrated significantly higher CNC phoneme and word recognition scores compared to the control group in both implant-alone and binaural listening conditions post-rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No measurable neurophysiological changes were observed in eCAEP responses from pre- to post-rehabilitation. However, the ARP intervention group demonstrated behavioral improvements, reflected in marginal increases in speech perception scores at both phoneme and word recognition levels, which were not observed in the control group. These findings highlight the clinical value of structured aural rehabilitation in supporting improved outcomes for long-term adult CI users with poor baseline performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1815357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:56:01Z","timestamp":1784699761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Using cortical auditory-evoked potential responses to verify the objective benefit of aural rehabilitation in adult cochlear implant users"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Caris","family":"Bogdanov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia","place":["Perth, WA, Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Audiology, Fiona Stanley Fremantle Hospitals Group","place":["Perth, WA, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilhelmina H. A. M.","family":"Mulders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia","place":["Perth, WA, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Goulios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia","place":["Perth, WA, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Welber","family":"Marinovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University","place":["Perth, WA, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayse","family":"Tavora-Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Audiology, Fiona Stanley Fremantle Hospitals Group","place":["Perth, WA, Australia"]},{"name":"Division of Surgery, Medical School, University of Western Australia","place":["Perth, WA, Australia"]},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University","place":["Perth, WA, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2014.10.011","article-title":"Assessment of responses to cochlear implant stimulation at different levels of the auditory pathway.","volume":"322","author":"Abbas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020802301142","article-title":"Are individual differences in speech reception related to individual differences in cognitive ability? A survey of twenty experimental studies with normal and hearing-impaired adults.","volume":"47","author":"Akeroyd","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1044\/hhd17.1.37","article-title":"Auditory training: Evidence for Neural plasticity in older adults.","volume":"17","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perspect. Hear. Hear. Disord. Res. Res. Diagn."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.46502","article-title":"The time course of neural changes underlying auditory perceptual learning.","volume":"9","author":"Atienza","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lear. Mem."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1570335","article-title":"The effect of short-term auditory training on speech in noise perception and cortical auditory evoked potentials in adults with cochlear implants.","volume":"37","author":"Barlow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Hear."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Soft."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3109\/03005367909078884","article-title":"The BKB (Bamford-Kowal-Bench) sentence lists for partially-hearing children.","volume":"13","author":"Bench","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br. J. Audiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1722987","article-title":"Maximizing cochlear implant outcomes with short-term aural rehabilitation.","volume":"32","author":"Bernstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2011.04.013","article-title":"Late auditory evoked potentials in elderly long-term hearing-aid users with unilateral or bilateral fittings.","volume":"280","author":"Bertoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001162","article-title":"Cochlear implants in adults: Effects of age and duration of deafness on speech recognition.","volume":"37","author":"Beyea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000762","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to cochlear implant uptake in Australia and the United Kingdom.","volume":"41","author":"Bierbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453274","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1453274","article-title":"Investigating the effect of cochlear implant usage metrics on cortical auditory-evoked potential responses in adult recipients post-implantation.","volume":"18","author":"Bogdanov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1159\/000533273","article-title":"The impact of patient factors on objective cochlear implant verification using acoustic cortical auditory-evoked potentials.","volume":"29","author":"Bogdanov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurootol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0232421","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232421","article-title":"Cochlear implantation outcomes in adults: A scoping review.","volume":"15","author":"Boisvert","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1177\/1084713807301073","article-title":"Adult aural rehabilitation: What is it and does it work?","volume":"11","author":"Boothroyd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Amplif."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.21.9.6","article-title":"Adapting to changed hearing: The potential role of formal training.","volume":"21","author":"Boothroyd","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"B17","author":"Boothroyd","year":"1985","journal-title":"A Sentence Test of Speech Perception: Reliability, Set Equivalence, and Short Term Learning"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2021.2014075","article-title":"Auditory training for adults with cochlear implants: A systematic review.","volume":"61","author":"Cambridge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2013.00071","article-title":"Compensatory changes in cortical resource allocation in adults with hearing loss.","volume":"7","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2012.690076","article-title":"The relationship between cortical auditory evoked potential (CAEP) detection and estimated audibility in infants with sensorineural hearing loss.","volume":"51","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020400","article-title":"Systematic review of auditory training outcomes in adult cochlear implant recipients and meta-analysis of outcomes.","volume":"13","author":"Dornhoffer","year":"","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e165","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000003417","article-title":"Use of auditory training and its influence on early cochlear implant outcomes in adults.","volume":"43","author":"Dornhoffer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2020.5094","article-title":"Individual differences in speech recognition changes after cochlear implantation.","volume":"147","author":"Dornhoffer","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001486","article-title":"Computer-based auditory training by new adult cochlear implant recipients is associated with durable improvements in cochlear implant quality of life.","volume":"45","author":"Dornhoffer","year":"","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000895","article-title":"What influences decision-making for cochlear implantation in adults? Exploring barriers and drivers from a multistakeholder perspective.","volume":"41","author":"Ebrahimi-Madiseh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aud.0000240620.63453.c3","article-title":"Acoustic change complexes recorded in adult cochlear implant listeners.","volume":"27","author":"Friesen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/1084713807301379","article-title":"Perceptual learning and auditory training in cochlear implant recipients.","volume":"11","author":"Fu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Amplif."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2007.11.010","article-title":"Maximizing cochlear implant patients\u2019 performance with advanced speech training procedures.","volume":"242","author":"Fu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1179\/cim.2004.5.Supplement-1.84","article-title":"Effects of auditory training on adult cochlear implant patients: A preliminary report.","volume":"5","author":"Fu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochlear Implants Int."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1898345","article-title":"Moderate auditory training can improve speech performance of adult cochlear implant patients.","volume":"6","author":"Fu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acoustics Res. Lett. Online"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020400050014","article-title":"The speech, spatial and qualities of hearing scale (SSQ).","volume":"43","author":"Gatehouse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1159\/000113510","article-title":"Speech recognition materials and ceiling effects: Considerations for cochlear implant programs.","volume":"13","author":"Gifford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurootol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.08.026","article-title":"Cortical reorganization in children with cochlear implants.","volume":"1239","author":"Gilley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2019.11.003","article-title":"Auditory cortical plasticity in cochlear implant users.","volume":"60","author":"Glennon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.20","article-title":"Postoperative rehabilitation strategies used by adults with cochlear implants: A pilot study.","volume":"1","author":"Harris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00576","article-title":"Only behavioral but not self-report measures of speech perception correlate with cognitive abilities.","volume":"7","author":"Heinrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62836","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062836","article-title":"Efficacy of individual computer-based auditory training for people with hearing loss: A systematic review of the evidence.","volume":"8","author":"Henshaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3182741aa7","article-title":"Factors affecting open-set word recognition in adults with cochlear implants.","volume":"34","author":"Holden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0993-0_8","article-title":"Factors affecting speech understanding in older adults.","volume":"34","author":"Humes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aging Auditory Syst."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-012-0406-9","article-title":"Are age-related changes in cognitive function driven by age-related changes in sensory processing?","volume":"75","author":"Humes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.09.010","article-title":"Measures of hearing threshold and temporal processing across the adult lifespan.","volume":"264","author":"Humes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2016.00091","article-title":"Corrigendum: Auditory and cognitive factors underlying individual differences in aided speech-understanding among older adults.","volume":"10","author":"Humes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.02.011","article-title":"Electrophysiological and speech perception measures of auditory processing in experienced adult cochlear implant users.","volume":"116","author":"Kelly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-200504000-00005","article-title":"Effects of sensorineural hearing loss and personal hearing AIDS on cortical event-related potential and behavioral measures of speech-sound processing.","volume":"26","author":"Korczak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.09.004","article-title":"Developmental neuroplasticity after cochlear implantation.","volume":"35","author":"Kral","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1995.7.1.25","article-title":"Central auditory system plasticity associated with speech discrimination training.","volume":"7","author":"Kraus","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599812438041","article-title":"Long-term performance of cochlear implants in postlingually deafened adults.","volume":"147","author":"Lenarz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"B48","author":"Lenth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Package \u2018emmeans\u2019"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1570334","article-title":"Summary of the N1-P2 cortical auditory evoked potential to estimate the auditory threshold in adults.","volume":"37","author":"Lightfoot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Hear."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26590","article-title":"Development of cognitive screening test for the severely hearing impaired: Hearing-impaired MoCA.","volume":"127","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30354","article-title":"Longitudinal speech recognition changes after cochlear implant: Systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"133","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3181662c0e","article-title":"Speech evoked potentials: From the laboratory to the clinic.","volume":"29","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/14670100.2020.1822495","article-title":"The influence of stimulation levels on auditory thresholds and speech recognition in adult cochlear implant users.","volume":"22","author":"Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochlear Implants Int."},{"key":"B54","unstructured":"Adult Rehabilitation kits (ARK).\n          \n          2020"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001211","article-title":"The enigma of poor performance by adults with cochlear implants.","volume":"37","author":"Moberly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23312165241312449","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165241312449","article-title":"Individual differences in the recognition of spectrally degraded speech: Associations with neurocognitive functions in adult cochlear implant users and with noise-vocoded simulations.","volume":"29","author":"Moberly","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Hear."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e794","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001964","article-title":"What to do when cochlear implant users plateau in performance: A pilot study of clinician-guided aural rehabilitation.","volume":"39","author":"Moberly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2326","article-title":"Beyond cochlear implants: Awakening the deafened brain.","volume":"12","author":"Moore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00531","article-title":"Gated auditory speech perception: Effects of listening conditions and cognitive capacity.","volume":"5","author":"Moradi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199305000-00010","article-title":"Development of a memory trace for a complex sound in the human brain.","volume":"4","author":"N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2019.09.004","article-title":"Cochlear implant.","volume":"53","author":"Naples","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1564461","article-title":"Options for auditory training for adults with hearing loss.","volume":"36","author":"Olson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Hear."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_AJA-21-00233","article-title":"Factors affecting the use of speech testing in adult audiology.","volume":"31","author":"Parmar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.05.001","article-title":"The neural consequences of age-related hearing loss.","volume":"39","author":"Peelle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12638","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2559-11.2011","article-title":"Hearing loss in older adults affects neural systems supporting speech comprehension.","volume":"31","author":"Peelle","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.2701.62","article-title":"Revised CNC lists for auditory tests.","volume":"27","author":"Peterson","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Disord."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23312165211025938","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165211025938","article-title":"Effectiveness of computer-based auditory training for adult cochlear implant users: A randomized crossover study.","volume":"25","author":"Reis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Hear."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.06.029","article-title":"Rapid bilateral improvement in auditory cortex activity in postlingually deafened adults following cochlear implantation.","volume":"126","author":"Sandmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2014.969409","article-title":"Computer-based auditory phoneme discrimination training improves speech recognition in noise in experienced adult cochlear implant listeners.","volume":"54","author":"Schumann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1980.10483031","article-title":"Population marginal means in the linear model: an alternative to least squares means","volume":"34","author":"Searle","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. Stat"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2004.12.010","article-title":"The influence of a sensitive period on central auditory development in children with unilateral and bilateral cochlear implants.","volume":"203","author":"Sharma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.07.005","article-title":"The Effects of Age-Related Hearing Loss on the Brain and Cognitive Function.","volume":"43","author":"Slade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr196","article-title":"Training to improve hearing speech in noise: Biological mechanisms.","volume":"22","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3109\/14992020903397838","article-title":"Effectiveness of computer-based auditory training for adult users of cochlear implants.","volume":"49","author":"Stacey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.16.7.9","article-title":"Efficacy of individual auditory training in adults: A systematic review of the evidence.","volume":"16","author":"Sweetow","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/14670100.2019.1603652","article-title":"Re-training the deaf ear: Auditory training for adult cochlear implant users with singlesided deafness.","volume":"20","author":"T\u00e1vora-Vieira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochlear Implants Int."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e976","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000003659","article-title":"Single-sided deafness: Using cortical auditory evoked potential to improve cochlear implant fitting.","volume":"43","author":"T\u00e1vora-Vieira","year":"","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0274643","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274643","article-title":"Cortical auditory evoked potential in cochlear implant users: An objective method to improve speech perception.","volume":"17","author":"T\u00e1vora-Vieira","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0193081","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193081","article-title":"Using aided cortical assessment as an objective tool to evaluate cochlear implant fitting in users with single-sided deafness.","volume":"13","author":"T\u00e1vora-Vieira","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B80","author":"Team","year":"2025","journal-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.07.089","article-title":"P2 enhancement from auditory discrimination training is associated with improved reaction times.","volume":"1297","author":"Tong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-973438","article-title":"Training-related changes in the brain: Evidence from human auditory-evoked potentials","volume-title":"Seminars in Hearing","author":"Tremblay","year":"2007"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3557","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199811160-00003","article-title":"The time course of auditory perceptual learning: Neurophysiological changes during speech-sound training.","volume":"9","author":"Tremblay","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-200104000-00001","article-title":"Central auditory plasticity: Changes in the N1-P2 complex after speech-sound training.","volume":"22","author":"Tremblay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388-2457(03)00114-7","article-title":"Effects of age and age-related hearing loss on the neural representation of speech cues.","volume":"114","author":"Tremblay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.10.005","article-title":"Auditory training alters the physiological detection of stimulus-specific cues in humans.","volume":"120","author":"Tremblay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001352","article-title":"Aided cortical auditory evoked potentials in infants with frequency-specific synthetic speech stimuli: Sensitivity, repeatability, and feasibility.","volume":"44","author":"Visram","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838214","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.838214","article-title":"Cognition and cognitive reserve in cochlear implant recipients.","volume":"14","author":"V\u00f6lter","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1159\/000524107","article-title":"Poor performer: A distinct entity in cochlear implant users?","volume":"27","author":"V\u00f6lter","year":"","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurootol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.06.002","article-title":"A review of causal mechanisms underlying the link between age-related hearing loss and cognitive decline.","volume":"23","author":"Wayne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.134781","article-title":"Auditory detection learning is accompanied by plasticity in the auditory evoked potential.","volume":"721","author":"Wisniewski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3181e68e4a","article-title":"Content and procedural learning in repeated sentence tests of speech perception.","volume":"31","author":"Yund","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2020.0662","article-title":"Association of patient-related factors with adult cochlear implant speech recognition outcomes: A meta-analysis.","volume":"146","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1815357\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:56:04Z","timestamp":1784699764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1815357\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2026.1815357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2026.1815357","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"article-number":"1815357"}}