{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T14:20:00Z","timestamp":1783520400940,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The misuse of opioid medications is a significant health issue in the United States. Very few studies have investigated the effect of opioids on perineuronal nets (PNNs), scaffold-like structures that surround neurons and are involved in the regulation of plasticity-dependent mechanisms such as development, learning and memory, and acquisition of addiction-like phenotypes. Regulation of PNNs in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) during periods of drug intoxication or withdrawal is widely unknown. In this study, male Wistar rats were injected with fentanyl (0.125 mg\/kg, s.c.) or 0.9% saline twice daily for 7 days and once on day 8 (7 continuous days following by 3 days of abstinence) or twice daily for 15 days (5 continuous days followed by 2 days of abstinence for more than 3 weeks) and twice on day 16. Antinociception was evaluated using the tail immersion test immediately before and 30 min after injections. Whole-brain coronal slices were collected, and histochemistry was used to identify Wisteria Floribunda Agglutinin (WFA)-positive PNNs and parvalbumin (PV)-expressing cells. Results confirmed that repeated fentanyl injections induced tolerance to the antinociceptive effects, which normalized following acute abstinence periods. WFA intensity decreased following 8 days of injections. Analyses confirmed significant correlations between PV\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    density and tail withdrawal latency following 8 days of fentanyl injections. These data confirm that repeated fentanyl injections modulate both WFA\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and PV\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    expression in the rodent brain and antinociceptive tolerance in a duration-dependent manner. Overall, these data suggest that perineuronal nets may mediate opioid-induced behavioral effects, such as antinociceptive tolerance, following repeated administration and abstinence in rats.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2026.1821692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T13:42:51Z","timestamp":1783518171000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changes in perineuronal net and parvalbumin expression in the orbitofrontal cortex of male Wistar rats following repeated fentanyl administration"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Mariana I. 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